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Author | Chalmeau, R.; Gallo, A. | ||||
Title | Social constraints determine what is learned in the chimpanzee | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1993 | Publication | Behavioural Processes | Abbreviated Journal | Behav. Process. |
Volume | 28 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 173-179 |
Keywords | Operant conditioning; Social influence; Individual strategy; Chimpanzee | ||||
Abstract | A group of six chimpanzees was placed in a social learning situation, without training. The learning task was an operant conditioning situation; that is, a subject had to pull two handles simultaneously to cause a piece of fruit to fall into the cage. Only three individuals acquired the operant behaviour. For the operant individuals, social influences on the expression of the learning task were then examined; the dominant chimpanzee during feeding had an inhibiting effect when close to the operant subjects. Depending on the subject, social factors may influence not only the specific expression of what is learnt, but also the nature of what is learnt. Chimpanzees appear to experience situations differently: they develop an individual problem-solving strategy according to their social relationships even if the experimental procedure is the same for all. | ||||
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Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 569 | ||
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Author | Choleris, E.; Kavaliers, M. | ||||
Title | Social Learning in Animals: Sex Differences and Neurobiological Analysis | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1999 | Publication | Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior | Abbreviated Journal | Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. |
Volume | 64 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 767-776 |
Keywords | Observational learning; Social learning; Individual learning; Imitation; Social constraints; Social facilitation; male-female differences; Gender differences | ||||
Abstract | Social learning where an “individual's behavior is influenced by observation of, or interaction with, another animal or its products” has been extensively documented in a broad variety of species, including humans. Social learning occurs within the complex framework of an animal's social interactions that are markedly affected by factors such as dominance hierarchies, family bonds, age, and sex of the interacting individuals. Moreover, it is clear that social learning is influenced not only by important sexually dimorphic social constraints but also that it involves attention, motivational, and perceptual mechanisms, all of which exhibit substantial male-female differences. Although sex differences have been demonstrated in a wide range of cognitive and behavioral processes, investigations of male-female differences in social learning and its neurobiological substrates have been largely neglected. As such, sex differences in social learning and its neurobiological substrates merit increased attention. This review briefly considers various aspects of the study of social learning in mammals, and indicates where male-female differences have either been described, neglected and, or could have a potential impact. It also describes the results of neurobiological investigations of social learning and considers the relevance of these findings to other sexually dimorphic cognitive processes. | ||||
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Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 575 | ||
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Author | Anderson, J.R.; Fornasieri, I.; Ludes, E.; Roeder, J.-J. | ||||
Title | Social processes and innovative behaviour in changing groups of lemur fulvus | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1992 | Publication | Behavioural Processes | Abbreviated Journal | Behav. Process. |
Volume | 27 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 101-112 |
Keywords | Social learning; Lemur fulvus; Dominance; Individual differences | ||||
Abstract | A group of brown lemurs was presented with one or two baited food-boxes requiring a specific type of motor response in order to be opened. Subsequently, four groups containing different combinations of experienced individuals from the original group and naive individuals were tested. Solutions to the problem and access to the food were recorded and considered in relation to social factors. In the original group, two adult males learned to open the boxes, with one male increasingly preventing the other from approaching. In the second group, with the subordinate male and certain females removed, the dominant male tolerated successful performances by a juvenile female. Group 3 consisted of three passive female participants from the original group and a naive female; one of the three original females now became the sole box-opener. The introduction of the subordinate male from the original group into the all-female group led to a sharing of box-opening by this subject and the skilled female. In the final group, intense aggression toward the skilled female by a new, naive adult male resulted in two previously passive females succeeding on some occasions. In lemurs, at least some `scroungers' appear able to learn to perform a new act when the social context permits. | ||||
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Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 576 | ||
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Author | Nicol, C.J. | ||||
Title | The social transmission of information and behaviour | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1995 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
Volume | 44 | Issue | 2-4 | Pages | 79-98 |
Keywords | Social learning; Imitation; Social facilitation; Cultural transmission; Stereotypies | ||||
Abstract | Social influences on established behaviour and on the acquisition of new information and behaviour are reviewed. Distinctions between social facilitation and contagious behaviour are drawn and suggestions for further research on contagious behaviour are made. Socially derived visual, olfactory and auditory cues are considered as important influences on behaviour and subsequent learning. The evidence supporting two potential mechanisms of social learning, i.e. stimulus enhancement followed by individual learning, and imitation, is reviewed in detail. It is argued that the functions of social learning are similarly heterogeneous and include motor skill acquisition, gathering of environmental information, and social conformity. Factors affecting the spread of socially acquired skills, including the social relationship between demonstrator and observer, are highlighted. Lastly, the few studies of social learning that have been conducted with domestic species are reviewed and potential applied goals that could stimulate further research in this area are suggested. | ||||
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Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 577 | ||
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Author | Pepperberg, I.M. | ||||
Title | In search of king Solomon's ring: cognitive and communicative studies of Grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus) | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2002 | Publication | Brain, behavior and evolution | Abbreviated Journal | Brain Behav Evol |
Volume | 59 | Issue | 1-2 | Pages | 54-67 |
Keywords | *Animal Communication; Animals; Attention/physiology; Cognition/*physiology; Cues; Form Perception/physiology; Humans; Intelligence; Learning/physiology; Male; Models, Psychological; Parrots/*physiology; Psychomotor Performance/physiology; Reward; Social Behavior | ||||
Abstract | During the past 24 years, I have used a modeling technique (M/R procedure) to train Grey parrots to use an allospecific code (English speech) referentially; I then use the code to test their cognitive abilities. The oldest bird, Alex, labels more than 50 different objects, 7 colors, 5 shapes, quantities to 6, 3 categories (color, shape, material) and uses 'no', 'come here', wanna go X' and 'want Y' (X and Y are appropriate location or item labels). He combines labels to identify, request, comment upon or refuse more than 100 items and to alter his environment. He processes queries to judge category, relative size, quantity, presence or absence of similarity/difference in attributes, and show label comprehension. He semantically separates labeling from requesting. He thus exhibits capacities once presumed limited to humans or nonhuman primates. Studies on this and other Greys show that parrots given training that lacks some aspect of input present in M/R protocols (reference, functionality, social interaction) fail to acquire referential English speech. Examining how input affects the extent to which parrots acquire an allospecific code may elucidate mechanisms of other forms of exceptional learning: learning unlikely in the normal course of development but that can occur under certain conditions. | ||||
Address | The MIT Media Lab, Cambridge, Mass. 02139, USA. impepper@media.mit.edu | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | 0006-8977 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | PMID:12097860 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 579 | ||
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Author | Hare, B.; Plyusnina, I.; Ignacio, N.; Schepina, O.; Stepika, A.; Wrangham, R.; Trut, L. | ||||
Title | Social cognitive evolution in captive foxes is a correlated by-product of experimental domestication | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2005 | Publication | Current biology : CB | Abbreviated Journal | Curr Biol |
Volume | 15 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 226-230 |
Keywords | Animals; *Animals, Domestic; Cognition/*physiology; *Cues; *Evolution; Foxes/*physiology; *Selection (Genetics); Social Behavior; Species Specificity | ||||
Abstract | Dogs have an unusual ability for reading human communicative gestures (e.g., pointing) in comparison to either nonhuman primates (including chimpanzees) or wolves . Although this unusual communicative ability seems to have evolved during domestication , it is unclear whether this evolution occurred as a result of direct selection for this ability, as previously hypothesized , or as a correlated by-product of selection against fear and aggression toward humans--as is the case with a number of morphological and physiological changes associated with domestication . We show here that fox kits from an experimental population selectively bred over 45 years to approach humans fearlessly and nonaggressively (i.e., experimentally domesticated) are not only as skillful as dog puppies in using human gestures but are also more skilled than fox kits from a second, control population not bred for tame behavior (critically, neither population of foxes was ever bred or tested for their ability to use human gestures) . These results suggest that sociocognitive evolution has occurred in the experimental foxes, and possibly domestic dogs, as a correlated by-product of selection on systems mediating fear and aggression, and it is likely the observed social cognitive evolution did not require direct selection for improved social cognitive ability. | ||||
Address | Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. hare@eva.mpg.de | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | 0960-9822 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | PMID:15694305 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 594 | ||
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Author | Hare, B.; Brown, M.; Williamson, C.; Tomasello, M. | ||||
Title | The domestication of social cognition in dogs | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2002 | Publication | Science (New York, N.Y.) | Abbreviated Journal | Science |
Volume | 298 | Issue | 5598 | Pages | 1634-1636 |
Keywords | Animals; *Animals, Domestic; *Behavior, Animal; *Cognition; *Cues; *Dogs; Food; Humans; Memory; Pan troglodytes; *Social Behavior; Species Specificity; Vision; Wolves | ||||
Abstract | Dogs are more skillful than great apes at a number of tasks in which they must read human communicative signals indicating the location of hidden food. In this study, we found that wolves who were raised by humans do not show these same skills, whereas domestic dog puppies only a few weeks old, even those that have had little human contact, do show these skills. These findings suggest that during the process of domestication, dogs have been selected for a set of social-cognitive abilities that enable them to communicate with humans in unique ways. | ||||
Address | Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. bhare@fas.harvard.edu | ||||
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ISSN | 1095-9203 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | PMID:12446914 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 595 | ||
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Author | B. Agnetta,; B. Hare,; M. Tomasello, | ||||
Title | Cues to food location that domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) of different ages do and do not use | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2000 | Publication | Animal Cognition | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Cogn. |
Volume | 3 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 107-112 |
Keywords | Dogs – Arctic wolves – Social cognition – Gaze following – Communication | ||||
Abstract | Autoren B. Agnetta, B. Hare, M. Tomasello Zusammenfassung The results of three experiments are reported. In the main study, a human experimenter presented domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) with a variety of social cues intended to indicate the location of hidden food. The novel findings of this study were: (1) dogs were able to use successfully several totally novel cues in which they watched a human place a marker in front of the target location; (2) dogs were unable to use the marker by itself with no behavioral cues (suggesting that some form of human behavior directed to the target location was a necessary part of the cue); and (3) there were no significant developments in dogs' skills in these tasks across the age range 4 months to 4 years (arguing against the necessity of extensive learning experiences with humans). In a follow-up study, dogs did not follow human gaze into “empty space” outside of the simulated foraging context. Finally, in a small pilot study, two arctic wolves (Canis lupus) were unable to use human cues to locate hidden food. These results suggest the possibility that domestic dogs have evolved an adaptive specialization for using human-produced directional cues in a goal-directed (especially foraging) context. Exactly how they understand these cues is still an open question. Schlüsselwörter Key words Dogs – Arctic wolves – Social cognition – Gaze following – Communication |
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Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 598 | ||
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Author | Grosenick, L.; Clement, T.S.; Fernald, R.D. | ||||
Title | Fish can infer social rank by observation alone | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2007 | Publication | Nature | Abbreviated Journal | Nature |
Volume | 445 | Issue | 7126 | Pages | 429-432 |
Keywords | Aggression/physiology; Animals; Cognition/*physiology; Female; Fishes/*physiology; Learning/*physiology; Male; Models, Biological; *Social Dominance; Territoriality | ||||
Abstract | Transitive inference (TI) involves using known relationships to deduce unknown ones (for example, using A > B and B > C to infer A > C), and is thus essential to logical reasoning. First described as a developmental milestone in children, TI has since been reported in nonhuman primates, rats and birds. Still, how animals acquire and represent transitive relationships and why such abilities might have evolved remain open problems. Here we show that male fish (Astatotilapia burtoni) can successfully make inferences on a hierarchy implied by pairwise fights between rival males. These fish learned the implied hierarchy vicariously (as 'bystanders'), by watching fights between rivals arranged around them in separate tank units. Our findings show that fish use TI when trained on socially relevant stimuli, and that they can make such inferences by using indirect information alone. Further, these bystanders seem to have both spatial and featural representations related to rival abilities, which they can use to make correct inferences depending on what kind of information is available to them. Beyond extending TI to fish and experimentally demonstrating indirect TI learning in animals, these results indicate that a universal mechanism underlying TI is unlikely. Rather, animals probably use multiple domain-specific representations adapted to different social and ecological pressures that they encounter during the course of their natural lives. | ||||
Address | Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305, USA. logang@stanford.edu | ||||
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ISSN | 1476-4687 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | PMID:17251980 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 600 | ||
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Author | Boyd, L. | ||||
Title | Behavior problems of equids in zoos | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1986 | Publication | The Veterinary clinics of North America. Equine practice | Abbreviated Journal | Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract |
Volume | 2 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 653-664 |
Keywords | Aerophagy/veterinary; Aggression/psychology; Animals; *Animals, Zoo; *Behavior, Animal; Coprophagia/psychology; Female; *Horses; Impotence/veterinary; Male; Mastication; Motor Activity; *Perissodactyla; Pregnancy; Sexual Behavior, Animal; Social Environment | ||||
Abstract | Behavior problems in zoo equids commonly result from a failure to provide for needs basic to equine nature. Equids are gregarious, and failure to provide companions may result in pacing. Wild equids spend 60 to 70 per cent of their time grazing, and failure to provide ad libitum roughage contributes to the problems of pacing, cribbing, wood chewing, and coprophagia. Mimicking the normal processes of juvenile dispersal, bachelor-herd formation, and mate acquisition reduces the likelihood of agonistic and reproductive behavior problems. Infanticide can be avoided by introducing new stallions to herds containing only nonpregnant mares and older foals. | ||||
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ISSN | 0749-0739 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | PMID:3492252 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 660 | ||
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