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| Author | Lee, C.M.; Ryan, J.J.; Kreiner, D.S. | ||||
| Title | Personality in domestic cats | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2007 | Publication | Psychological Reports | Abbreviated Journal | Psychol Rep |
| Volume | 100 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 27-29 |
| Keywords | Animals; Animals, Domestic/*psychology; *Behavior, Animal; Cats/*psychology; Humans; *Personality | ||||
| Abstract | Personality ratings of 196 cats were made by their owners using a 5-point Likert scale anchored by 1: not at all and 5: a great deal with 12 items: timid, friendly, curious, sociable, obedient, clever, protective, active, independent, aggressive, bad-tempered, and emotional. A principal components analysis with varimax rotation identified three intepretable components. Component I had high loadings by active, clever, curious, and sociable. Component II had high loadings by emotional, friendly, and protective, Component III by aggressive and bad-tempered, and Component IV by timid. Sex was not associated with any component, but age showed a weak negative correlation with Component I. Older animals were rated less social and curious than younger animals. | ||||
| Address | Department of Psychology, 1111 Lovinger, Central Missouri State University, Warrensburg, MO 64093, USA | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0033-2941 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:17450998 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial  |
4103 | ||
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| Author | Stamps, J.A. | ||||
| Title | Growth-mortality tradeoffs and 'personality traits' in animals | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2007 | Publication | Ecology Letters | Abbreviated Journal | Ecol Lett |
| Volume | 10 | Issue | 5 | Pages | 355-363 |
| Keywords | Animals; Behavior, Animal; *Growth; *Mortality; *Personality | ||||
| Abstract | Consistent individual differences in boldness, reactivity, aggressiveness, and other 'personality traits' in animals are stable within individuals but vary across individuals, for reasons which are currently obscure. Here, I suggest that consistent individual differences in growth rates encourage consistent individual differences in behavior patterns that contribute to growth-mortality tradeoffs. This hypothesis predicts that behavior patterns that increase both growth and mortality rates (e.g. foraging under predation risk, aggressive defense of feeding territories) will be positively correlated with one another across individuals, that selection for high growth rates will increase mean levels of potentially risky behavior across populations, and that within populations, faster-growing individuals will take more risks in foraging contexts than slower-growing individuals. Tentative empirical support for these predictions suggests that a growth-mortality perspective may help explain some of the consistent individual differences in behavioral traits that have been reported in fish, amphibians, reptiles, and other animals with indeterminate growth. | ||||
| Address | University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA. jastamps@ucdavis.edu | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 1461-0248 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:17498134 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial |
4100 | ||
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| Author | Bell, A.M. | ||||
| Title | Evolutionary biology: animal personalities | Type | |||
| Year | 2007 | Publication | Nature | Abbreviated Journal | Nature |
| Volume | 447 | Issue | 7144 | Pages | 539-540 |
| Keywords | Aggression/physiology/psychology; Animals; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; *Evolution; Humans; *Models, Biological; Personality/genetics/*physiology; Reproduction/genetics/physiology; Risk-Taking; Selection (Genetics) | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 1476-4687 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:17538607 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial |
4099 | ||
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| Author | Wolf, M.; van Doorn, G.S.; Leimar, O.; Weissing, F.J. | ||||
| Title | Life-history trade-offs favour the evolution of animal personalities | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2007 | Publication | Nature | Abbreviated Journal | Nature |
| Volume | 447 | Issue | 7144 | Pages | 581-584 |
| Keywords | Aggression/physiology/psychology; Animals; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; *Evolution; Exploratory Behavior/physiology; Models, Biological; Personality/*physiology; Predatory Behavior/physiology; Reproduction/physiology; Risk-Taking; Selection (Genetics) | ||||
| Abstract | In recent years evidence has been accumulating that personalities are not only found in humans but also in a wide range of other animal species. Individuals differ consistently in their behavioural tendencies and the behaviour in one context is correlated with the behaviour in multiple other contexts. From an adaptive perspective, the evolution of animal personalities is still a mystery, because a more flexible structure of behaviour should provide a selective advantage. Accordingly, many researchers view personalities as resulting from constraints imposed by the architecture of behaviour (but see ref. 12). In contrast, we show here that animal personalities can be given an adaptive explanation. Our argument is based on the insight that the trade-off between current and future reproduction often results in polymorphic populations in which some individuals put more emphasis on future fitness returns than others. Life-history theory predicts that such differences in fitness expectations should result in systematic differences in risk-taking behaviour. Individuals with high future expectations (who have much to lose) should be more risk-averse than individuals with low expectations. This applies to all kinds of risky situations, so individuals should consistently differ in their behaviour. By means of an evolutionary model we demonstrate that this basic principle results in the evolution of animal personalities. It simultaneously explains the coexistence of behavioural types, the consistency of behaviour through time and the structure of behavioural correlations across contexts. Moreover, it explains the common finding that explorative behaviour and risk-related traits like boldness and aggressiveness are common characteristics of animal personalities. | ||||
| Address | Theoretical Biology Group, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, Kerklaan 30, 9751 NN Haren, The Netherlands | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 1476-4687 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:17538618 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial |
4098 | ||
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| Author | Visser, E.K.; van Reenen, C.G.; Schilder, M.B.H.; Barneveld, A.; Blokhuis, H.J. | ||||
| Title | Learning performances in young horses using two different learning tests | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2003 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume | 80 | Issue | Pages | 311-326 | |
| Keywords | Horse; Personality; Learning performance; Consistency; Emotionality | ||||
| Abstract | To achieve optimal performance in equine sports as well as in leisure not only the physical abilities of the horse should be considered, but also the horse's personality. Besides temperamental aspects, like emotionality, or the horse's reactivity towards humans in handling situations, the learning ability of the horse is another relevant personality trait. To study whether differences in learning performance are consistent over time and whether individual learning performance differs between learning tests or is affected by emotionality, 39 young horses (Dutch Warmblood) were tested repeatedly in two learning tests. An aversive stimulus (AS) was used in one learning test (the avoidance learning test) and a reward was used in the other learning test (the reward learning test). During both learning tests behaviour as well as heart rate were measured. Each test was executed four times, twice when horses were 1 year of age, and twice when they were 2 years of age. Half of the horses received additional physical training from 6 months onwards. In both tests horses could be classified as either performers, i.e. completing the daily session, or as non-performers, i.e. returning to the home environment without having completed the daily session. There were some indications that emotionality might have caused non-performing behaviour, but these indications are not convincing enough to exclude other causes. Furthermore, there seem to be no simple relationships between measures of heart rate, behavioural responses putatively related to emotionality and learning performance. Horses revealed consistent individual learning performances within years in both tests, and in the avoidance learning test also between years. There was no significant correlation between learning performances in the avoidance learning test and the learning performances in the reward learning test. It is concluded that individual learning abilities are consistent over a short time interval for an avoidance learning test and a reward learning test and over a longer time for the avoidance learning test. Furthermore, results indicate that some horses perform better when they have to learn to avoid an aversive stimulus while others perform better when they are rewarded after a correct response. It is suggested that these differences may be relevant to design optimal individual training programmes and methods. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial |
2009 | ||
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| Author | Lloyd, A.S.; Martin, J.E.; Bornett-Gauci, H.L.I.; Wilkinson, R.G. | ||||
| Title | Evaluation of a novel method of horse personality assessment: Rater-agreement and links to behaviour | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2007 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume | 105 | Issue | 1-3 | Pages | 205-222 |
| Keywords | Personality; Horse; Individual differences; Behaviour; Reliability | ||||
| Abstract | The efficacy of questionnaire-based personality assessment has been shown in a variety of animal and human personality studies. There has been a recent increase in questionnaire-based studies focussing on equine personality but with a lack of comparability to studies on other species. The aim of this study was to test the reliability of an assessment method originally developed for primates and demonstrate reliability using three criteria (1) assessments by independent observers must agree with one another, (2) these assessments must predict behaviours and real-world outcomes and (3) observer ratings must be shown to reflect genuine attributes of the individuals rated, not merely the observer's implicit personality theories about how traits co-vary. The personality of 61 horses (Equus caballus) was assessed using a questionnaire constructed of 30 behaviourally defined adjectives (BDAs). Horses were each assessed by three judges, in addition to a total of 2 h behaviour observations recorded per horse. Rater agreement was demonstrated for 72.1% of the horses and 25 of the BDAs. Principal component analysis was carried out on the rating data and revealed six underlying personality components that were labelled “dominance”, “anxiousness”, “excitability”, “protection”, “sociability” and “inquisitiveness”. Component scores for horses were correlated against behavioural observations for the same horses and revealed significant correlations with 20 of the recorded behaviour variables. Correlations between specific components and their associated behaviours were logical and consistent with the types of behaviours that would be expected to be linked with such personality types. The data were shown to meet all three criteria and provided strong evidence that the assessment method was reliably measuring horse personality. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial |
1981 | ||
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| Author | Mills, D.S. | ||||
| Title | Personality and individual differences in the horse, their significance, use and measurement | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1998 | Publication | Equine Veterinary Journal. Supplement | Abbreviated Journal | Equine Vet J Suppl |
| Volume | Issue | 27 | Pages | 10-13 | |
| Keywords | Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Horses/*psychology; Personality | ||||
| Abstract | The biological diversity of a species gives rise to individual differences in behavioural tendency. Traditionally, this variation has been considered to be of little scientific importance or value, but the description and quantification of the fundamental basis of this variability is relevant to many aspects of equine science. The reliable identification of these features may allow the development of more accurate diagnostic and prognostic indicators for a range of clinical diseases. Biologically based traits also provide a more rational basis for selective management and breeding programmes in which specific behavioural tendencies are sought. Individual differences in behaviour also reflect the range of subjective feelings experienced by animals and therefore need to be understood by those concerned with animal welfare. Psychometric techniques concerned with the assessment of personality may provide a suitable basis for scientific study in this field. Potentially methodologies include: behavioural tests, objective behaviour measures or the quantification of reports from those familiar with the subjects. The assessment of the validity and reliability of the variables measured in these tests is an integral part of their development. Interobserver correlation in an experiment based on the subjective rating of 20 horses with respect to 14 familiar terms used to describe horse personality was generally low. This suggests that, with the exception of the terms 'flighty' and 'sharp', the empirical terminology commonly used to describe horse personality is unreliable. | ||||
| Address | De Montfort University Lincoln, School of Agriculture and Horticulture, Caythorpe, Lincs, UK | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Notes | PMID:10484996 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial |
1932 | ||
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| Author | Visser, E.K.; Van Reenen, C.G.; Rundgren, M.; Zetterqvist, M.; Morgan, K.; Blokhuis, H.J. | ||||
| Title | Responses of horses in behavioural tests correlate with temperament assessed by riders | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2003 | Publication | Equine Veterinary Journal | Abbreviated Journal | Equine Vet J |
| Volume | 35 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 176-183 |
| Keywords | Adult; Animals; *Behavior, Animal/physiology; Data Interpretation, Statistical; Female; *Handling (Psychology); Heart Rate/*physiology; Horses/physiology/*psychology; Humans; Male; Personality; Temperament/*physiology | ||||
| Abstract | REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Behavioural tests as well as observers' ratings have been used to study horses' temperament. However, the relationship between the ratings and the responses in behavioural tests has not yet been studied in detail. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to examine this relationship between ratings and responses. METHODS: Eighteen mature Swedish Warmblood horses were subjected to 2 behavioural tests, one relating to novelty (novel object test) and one to handling (handling test). Subsequently, 16 of these horses were ridden by 16 equally experienced students, having no former experience with the horses. Immediately after each ride, the students scored the horse for 10 temperamental traits using a line rating method. RESULTS: It was shown that for each temperamental trait all 16 riders agreed on the ranking of the horses (0.212<W<0.505, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Correlations between behavioural and heart rate variables in the behavioural tests revealed that horses with a high level of locomotion or much restlessness behaviour exhibited high mean heart rate and low heart rate variability. In particular, heart rate variables in the behavioural tests were found to correlate with riders' rating scores. Furthermore, the underlying components of the handling test, retrieved with a principal component analysis (PCA) correlated with riders' rating scores while the underlying components of the novel object test did not. POTENTIAL CLINICAL RELEVANCE: It is concluded that it is possible for a large panel of assessors to agree upon a horse's temperament and that objective measures from behavioural tests correlate significantly with temperamental traits assessed by a panel of assessors. | ||||
| Address | Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, PO Box 80.163, NL-3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands | ||||
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| ISSN | 0425-1644 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:12638795 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Serial |
1906 | |||
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| Author | Peltzer, K.; Mabilu, M.G.; Mathoho, S.F.; Nekhwevha, A.P.; Sikhwivhilu, T.; Sinthumule, T.S. | ||||
| Title | Trauma history and severity of gambling involvement among horse-race gamblers in a South African gambling setting | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2006 | Publication | Psychological Reports | Abbreviated Journal | Psychol Rep |
| Volume | 99 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 472-476 |
| Keywords | Adult; African Continental Ancestry Group/*psychology/statistics & numerical data; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Gambling/*psychology; Humans; *Life Change Events; Male; Middle Aged; Personality Inventory; Risk Factors; *Social Environment; Socioeconomic Factors; South Africa; Statistics; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/epidemiology/*psychology | ||||
| Abstract | The purpose of this study was to ascertain the frequency of gambling involvement and the prevalence of problem gambling among horse race gamblers and to discover whether problem gambling in this sample is associated with a history of trauma. Among a sample of 266 South African horse-race gamblers (94% men and 6% women, Mage 46.8 yr., SD = 13.9, range 18-85 years), 31.2% were classified as probable pathological gamblers and 19.9% with problem gambling. Major weekly gambling activities included racetrack betting (82%), purchase of lottery tickets or scratch tickets (35%), purchase of sports lottery tickets (23%), and using casino type games (18%). Trauma history was significantly associated with gambling severity. | ||||
| Address | Human Sciences Research Council, University of Limpopo, Pretoria, South Africa. KPeltzer@hsrc.ac.za | ||||
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| ISSN | 0033-2941 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:17153816 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Serial |
1850 | |||
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| Author | Dall, Sasha R. X; Houston, Alasdair I.; McNamara, John M. | ||||
| Title | The behavioural ecology of personality: consistent individual differences from an adaptive perspective | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Ecology Letters | Abbreviated Journal | Ecol. Letters |
| Volume | 7 | Issue | Pages | 734-739 | |
| Keywords | Adaptive individual differences, behavioural ecology, behavioural syndromes, evolutionary game theory, life history strategies, personality differences, state-dependent dynamic programming | ||||
| Abstract | Individual humans, and members of diverse other species, show consistent differences in aggressiveness, shyness, sociability and activity. Such intraspecific differences in behaviour have been widely assumed to be non-adaptive variation surrounding (possibly) adaptive population-average behaviour. Nevertheless, in keeping with recent calls to apply Darwinian reasoning to ever-finer scales of biological variation, we sketch the fundamentals of an adaptive theory of consistent individual differences in behaviour. Our thesis is based on the notion that such .personality differences. can be selected for if fitness payoffs are dependent on both the frequencies with which competing strategies are played and an individual`s behavioural history. To this end, we review existing models that illustrate this and propose a game theoretic approach to analyzing personality differences that is both dynamic and state-dependent. Our motivation is to provide insights into the evolution and maintenance of an apparently common animal trait: personality, which has far reaching ecological and evolutionary implications. |
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| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial |
494 | ||
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