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Author |
Terrace, H.S. |
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Title |
Chunking by a pigeon in a serial learning task |
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Year |
1987 |
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Nature |
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Nature |
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Volume |
325 |
Issue |
7000 |
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149-151 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Cognition/*physiology; Columbidae/*physiology; Feedback; Learning/*physiology; Male |
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Abstract |
A basic principle of human memory is that lists that can be organized into memorable 'chunks' are easier to remember. Memory span is limited to a roughly constant number of chunks and is to a large extent independent of the amount of informaton contained in each chunk. Depending on the ingenuity of the code used to integrate discrete items into chunks, one can substantially increase the number of items that can be recalled correctly. Newly developed paradigms for studying memory in non-verbal organisms allow comparison of the abilities of human and non-human subjects to memorize lists. Here I present two types of evidence that pigeons 'chunk' 5-element lists whose components (colours and achromatic geometric forms) are clustered into distinct groups. Those lists were learned twice as rapidly as a homogeneous list of colours or heterogeneous lists in which the elements are not clustered. The pigeons were also tested for knowledge of the order of two elements drawn from the 5-element lists. They responded in the correct order only to those subsets that contained a chunk boundary. Thus chunking can be studied profitably in animal subjects; the cognitive processes that allow an organism to form chunks do no presuppose linguistic competence. |
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English |
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0028-0836 |
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PMID:3808071 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2792 |
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Author |
Leslie AM |
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Title |
Pretense and representation in infancy: the origins of theory of mind |
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1987 |
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Psychol. Rev. |
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94 |
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412 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3014 |
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Author |
Povinelli DJ |
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Title |
Monkeys, apes, mirrors and minds: the evolution of self-awareness in primates |
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1987 |
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J. Hum. Evol. |
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2 |
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493 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3025 |
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Author |
Illius,A. W.; Gordon, I. J. |
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Title |
The Allometry of Food Intake in Grazing Ruminants |
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Journal Article |
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1987 |
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The Journal of Animal Ecology |
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T. J. Anim. Ecol. |
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56 |
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3 |
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989-999 |
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A simulation model of grazing mechanics in ruminants shows that, due to the allometric relations of bite size and metabolic requirements to body size, small animals are able to subsist on shorter swards than large animals. (2) The density of nutrients in the grazed horizon of the modelled swards markedly affected the ability of animals of a given body size to satisfy their energy requirements. (3) By extension, the allometric relationships would be expected to apply in selective grazing and browsing species in their choice of food items of different size and nutrient content. (4) The results support the argument that sexual segregation and habitat choice of dimorphic species is an effect of scramble competition for limited resources, the males thus being excluded from mutually preferred swards. (5) The model provides an explanation for two interspecific phenomena amongst grazers: grazing succession and grazing facilitation. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4265 |
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Author |
Scheunert, A. Trautmann, A. |
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Title |
Lehrbuch der Veterinär-Physiologie. |
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Book Whole |
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1987 |
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Parey |
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Berlin |
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978-3489662167 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4441 |
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Author |
Creigier, S.E. |
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Title |
Trailer problems and solutions |
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Year |
1987 |
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Current Therapy in Equine Medicine |
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Cited By (since 1996): 1; Export Date: 24 October 2008 |
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Admin @ knut @ |
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4578 |
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Author |
Huntingford, F.; Turner, A. |
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Title |
Animal Conflict |
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Miscellaneous |
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1987 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4850 |
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Author |
Walters, J.R.; Seyfarth, R.M. |
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Title |
Primate Societies |
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Miscellaneous |
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1987 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4858 |
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Author |
Brown, J.L. |
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Title |
Helping and Communal Breeding in Birds |
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Miscellaneous |
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1987 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4907 |
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Author |
Hunte, W.; Horrocks, J.A. |
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Title |
Kin and non-kin interventions in the aggressive disputes of vervet monkeys |
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1987 |
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Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. |
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20 |
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257-263 |
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Interventions in aggressive disputes were investigated in a free-living troop of vervets (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus) in Barbados. Interventions on behalf of kin were more frequent than on behalf of non-kin. Both types of interventions were more likely when the intervening animal outranked the opponent; presumably because retaliation probability, and hence cost of intervening, is low against low ranking opponents. The number of interventions given on behalf of both kin and non-kin increased with the number of disputes in which they were involved. In contrast to kin interventions, the number of interventions given on behalf of non-kin was correlated with that received by non-kin, suggesting that reciprocation is a necessary component of non-kin interventions. Non-kin interventions were more likely when the recipient outranked the opponent, presumably because reciprocation probability is high. Pairs of non-kin form structured reciprocal relationships based on the proportion of interventions allocated to each other, and most non-kin interventions flowed through these relationships. Males intervened on behalf of non-kin more frequently than did females. The implications of the results for the evolution of kin and reciprocal altruism were discussed. |
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10.1007/Bf00292178 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4927 |
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