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Author | Baker, K.C.; Seres, E.; Aureli, F.; De Waal, F.B. | ||||
Title | Injury risks among chimpanzees in three housing conditions | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2000 | Publication | American journal of primatology | Abbreviated Journal | Am. J. Primatol. |
Volume | 51 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 161-175 |
Keywords | Aggression; *Animal Welfare; Animals; Female; *Housing, Animal; Male; *Pan troglodytes; Risk Assessment; Wounds and Injuries/*veterinary | ||||
Abstract | Meeting the psychological needs of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) can be a challenge given their aggressiveness on the one hand and the complexity of their social lives on the other. It is unclear how to balance the need to provide opportunities for species-appropriate behavior against potential risks of injury chimpanzees may inflict on each other. This study evaluates the suggestion that simpler social environments protect chimpanzees from wounding. Over a two-year period all visible injuries to 46 adult males, 64 adult females, and 25 immature chimpanzees were recorded at the Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center. Approximately half of the subjects were mother-reared, and the rest were nursery-reared. Housing included compounds containing about 20 chimpanzees, interconnected indoor-outdoor runs for groups of up to 12 individuals, and smaller indoor-outdoor runs for pairs and trios. Annual wounding rates were calculated for serious wounds (extensive injuries and all those requiring veterinary intervention) as well as for minor wounds. Compound-housed chimpanzees incurred the highest level of minor wounding, but serious wounding levels were not affected by housing condition. Even with a period of dominance instability and elevated levels of wounding in one compound, compound chimpanzees were not injured more than those in smaller social groups over the long term. Nursery-reared females in moderate-sized groups were wounded more than mother-reared females. Also, nursery-reared males and females were wounded less often when paired with mother-reared companions. Overall, this study indicates that maintaining chimpanzees in pairs and trios would not be an effective means for reducing injuries. The management of wounding in chimpanzee colonies is influenced more by the sex and rearing composition of a colony. | ||||
Address | Living Links Center, Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA. kateb@rmy.emory.edu | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | 0275-2565 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | PMID:10902665 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 188 | ||
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Author | de Waal, F.B.; Seres, M. | ||||
Title | Propagation of handclasp grooming among captive chimpanzees | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1997 | Publication | American journal of primatology | Abbreviated Journal | Am. J. Primatol. |
Volume | 43 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 339-346 |
Keywords | Animals; Family Relations; Female; *Grooming; Learning; Male; Pan troglodytes/*psychology; *Social Behavior | ||||
Abstract | A grooming posture previously reported for two wild chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) communities developed spontaneously in a captive group of the same species. This offered a unique opportunity to follow the propagation of a new social custom. The posture consists of two partners grasping hands--either both right hands or both left hands--and raising the arms in an A-frame above their heads while mutually grooming with their free hands. The propagation of this pattern was followed over a 5 year period. In the beginning, handclasps were always initiated by the same adult female. This female initiated the posture mainly with her adult female kin. In subsequent years, these relatives became frequent participants in the posture with each other as well as with nonrelatives. Over the years the posture increased in frequency and duration and spread to the majority of adults and also to a few adolescents and older juveniles. The pattern persisted after removal of the apparent originator. | ||||
Address | Yerkes Primate Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA. dewaal@emory.edu | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | 0275-2565 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | PMID:9403098 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 202 | ||
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Author | Aureli, F.; de Waal, F.B. | ||||
Title | Inhibition of social behavior in chimpanzees under high-density conditions | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1997 | Publication | American journal of primatology | Abbreviated Journal | Am. J. Primatol. |
Volume | 41 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 213-228 |
Keywords | Aggression/*psychology; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; *Crowding; Female; Male; Pan troglodytes/*psychology; Population Density; *Social Environment; Stress, Psychological | ||||
Abstract | This is the first study to investigate the short-term effects of high population density on captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Subjects of the study were 45 chimpanzees living in five different groups at the Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center. The groups were observed under two conditions: 1) when they had access to both the indoor and outdoor sections of their enclosures; 2) during cold days when they were locked into the indoor runs, which reduced the available space by more than half. Under the high-density condition, allogrooming and submissive greetings decreased, but juvenile play increased. Remarkably, the rate of various forms of agonistic behavior, such as aggression, bluff charge, bluff display, and hooting, occurred less frequently under the high-density condition. This general decrease in adult social activity, including agonistic behavior, can be interpreted as an inhibition strategy to reduce opportunities for conflict when interindividual distances are reduced. This strategy is probably effective only in the short run, however. Behavioral indicators of anxiety, such as rough scratching and yawning, showed elevated rates, suggesting increased social tension under the high-density condition. | ||||
Address | Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | 0275-2565 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | PMID:9057966 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 203 | ||
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Author | de Waal, F.B. | ||||
Title | The organization of agonistic relations within two captive groups of Java-monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1977 | Publication | Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie | Abbreviated Journal | Z. Tierpsychol. |
Volume | 44 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 225-282 |
Keywords | Age Factors; Aggression; Animals; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; Competitive Behavior/*physiology; Fear; Female; Haplorhini; Humans; Macaca/*physiology; Macaca fascicularis/*physiology; Male; Sex Factors; Social Behavior; Social Dominance | ||||
Abstract | The paper offers a detailed quantitative descripition of the distribution of agonistic activities over the members of two groups of Java-monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). These groups lived in captivity and were well-established: i.e. they had an extensive network of genealogical relationships. The study pays special attention to agonistic interactions with three or more participants. Its main purpose is an analysis of the way dyadic agonistic relations (e.g. dominance relations) are affected by third group members and the relations among these. The paper presents data on the ontogeny of 'dependent dominance', the 'control role' of the alpha-male, and the functions of different types of alliances. | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | 0044-3573 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | PMID:412345 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 213 | ||
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Author | Croneya, C.C. | ||||
Title | Group size and cognitive processes | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2007 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
Volume | 103 | Issue | 3-4 | Pages | 15-228 |
Keywords | Group size; Social complexity; Social learning; Cognitive processes | ||||
Abstract | Animal group sizes may exert important effects on various cognitive mechanisms. Group size is believed to exert pressures on fundamental brain structures that correlate with the increased social demands placed on animals living in relatively large, complex and dynamic social organizations. There is strong experimental evidence connecting social complexity, social learning and development of other cognitive abilities in a broad range of wild and domesticated animal species. In particular, group size seems to have significant effects on animals? abilities to derive concrete and abstract relationships. Here, we review the literature pertaining to cognitive processes and behaviours of various animal species relative to group size, with emphasis on social learning. It is suggested that understanding the relationship between group size and cognition in animals may yield practical animal management benefits, such as housing and conservation strategies, and may also have implications for improved animal welfare. |
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Corporate Author | Ruth C. Newberryb | Thesis | |||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 277 | ||
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Author | Minero, M.; Zucca, D.; Canali, E. | ||||
Title | A note on reaction to novel stimulus and restraint by therapeutic riding horses | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2006 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
Volume | 97 | Issue | 2-4 | Pages | 335-342 |
Keywords | Horse; Therapeutic riding; Behavioural indicators; Heart rate; Lymphocyte proliferation | ||||
Abstract | Little research has been done to measure reactivity objectively in therapeutic riding horses (TRH). As individual reactivity and chronic stress could be assessed by exposing animals to acute, novel stressors, the authors of this work aimed at comparing reactions of TRHs and jumping horses (JH) to two challenges. Four TRHs and four JHs were exposed to a restraint covering their head with a hood for 1 h and to a startling stimulus (a 40 cm long, red and white synthetic holiday garland shaken with a rustling noise inside the box). Heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) were recorded continuously and telemetrically, the reaction was video-recorded and analysed with a software for behavioural analysis. Blood samples were collected before and after each challenge to determine lymphocyte proliferation and other biochemical parameters. Horses spent most of the time immobile, during the challenges (p < 0.05). TRHs had a significantly higher average basal HR than JH (p < 0.05), probably due to their better condition. HR varied among different behaviours during the restraint (p < 0.05): the average HR during “pawing” was higher than during other behaviours (p < 0.005). A significant decrease in the proliferation of lymphocytes in samples taken after the removal of the hood (p < 0.05) was found, while the other stress related parameters did not vary significantly after the challenges. The authors conclude that TRHs did not react less than JHs to the new stimuli and this should be taken into consideration while planning their daily work and management. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 279 | ||
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Author | Krueger, K. | ||||
Title | Behaviour of horses in the “round pen technique” | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2007 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
Volume | 104 | Issue | 1-2 | Pages | 162-170 |
Keywords | Learning; Dominance relationship; Horse; Human-animal relationships | ||||
Abstract | I investigated the behavioural background of the way horses learn to follow humans in the “round pen technique” suggested by “horse whisperers” as a gentle method for initial horse training. Though the practicability of this technique has been adequately demonstrated in the past, the horses' behaviour during such training has not yet been documented in detail. In a riding arena, horses, that did not follow the trainer immediately, were chased away so that they galloped around the trainer. Galloping horses showed specific behaviour such as turning the ear to the trainer, chewing, licking, and stretching head and throat downwards. In subsequent trials horses needed to be chased for less time and finally followed immediately, even when conditions were changed or the trainer was replaced by another person. This suggests that horses learn to follow in this particular situation and also show some generalisation. However, following did not occur on a pasture even after several successful trials in the riding arena. | ||||
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Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 280 | ||
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Author | Ninomiya, S.; Sato, S.; Kusunose, R.; Mitumasu, T.; Obara, Y. | ||||
Title | A note on a behavioural indicator of satisfaction in stabled horses | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2007 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
Volume | 106 | Issue | 1-3 | Pages | 184-189 |
Keywords | Animal welfare; Satisfaction; Horses; Operant response; Stable | ||||
Abstract | We observed the behaviour of six stabled horses (stallions n = 3; geldings n = 3) in an attempt to identify behavioural measures of eating satisfaction. The horses were required to perform an operant response (pressing a button with the muzzle) in order to access a food reward in an experimental box stall. After each horse had successfully learned the experimental situation, it participated in the experimental protocol on 4 days. Horses were brought to the experimental box stall for the operant response sessions (1 h duration per session), and upon completion, they were returned to their own (home) box stalls. The number of presses for the reward was a Fixed Ratio schedule of either 3 or 12 muzzle presses (FR3, FR12) and the FR procedure for each horse was as follows: FR3 FR12 FR12 FR3 or FR12 FR3 FR3 FR12. Number of rewards obtained during each session, and behaviour and heart rate after each session were recorded for each horse. A repeated measures ANOVA showed that the number of rewards obtained in FR3 was higher than in FR12 (P < 0.05). The horses spent more time in standing-rest, (with ears rotating laterally and exhibiting a low neck position) indicating sleep, in the home box stall, after FR3 compared to FR12 treatments (P < 0.05). Mean heart rate after standing-sleep was significantly lower than mean heart rate in the home box stall (P < 0.01). These results suggest that eating satisfaction induces sleep in stabled horses, and that episodes of standing-sleep behaviour may be a useful indicator of appropriate or enhanced welfare in the horse. | ||||
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Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 281 | ||
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Author | Croney, C.C.; Prince-Kelly, N.; Meller, C.L. | ||||
Title | A note on social dominance and learning ability in the domestic chicken (Gallus gallus) | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2007 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
Volume | 105 | Issue | 1-3 | Pages | 254-259 |
Keywords | Chickens; Learning; Dominance | ||||
Abstract | Relatively little is known about the relationship between social behavior and specific cognitive abilities of the chicken. It is uncertain whether dominant birds have a cognitive advantage over subordinate birds that might facilitate their superior position in the social hierarchy. Likewise, it is unknown whether subordinate birds compete successfully with higher ranking birds because their cognitive capacities compensate for physical deficits. In this study, the relationship between the chicken's position in the dominance hierarchy and its performance on a cognitive task was explored. Ten pairs of New Hampshire domestic roosters (Gallus gallus) were observed to determine dominance or subordinance within dyads. All birds were then trained and tested on a visual discrimination learning task. Discriminative stimuli were orange and green plastic discs. Correct stimuli (orange or green) were randomly assigned to birds. Placement of the discs (left or right of center) was also randomly assigned and counterbalanced to avoid a side bias. Birds were rewarded with food for pecking at the correct disc. Criterion for task completion was 80% correct responses on three consecutive test sessions or 86% correct on two consecutive sessions. All subjects met the test criterion. The number of trials to criterion was compared between dominant and subordinate birds using a paired t-test. No difference was found in performance between dominant and subordinate birds (p > 0.05) suggesting that in chickens, ability to learn a novel visual discrimination task is not well correlated with rank. Additional studies, particularly using different learning paradigms, are needed to confirm these results. | ||||
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Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 284 | ||
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Author | Lensink, J.; Veissier, I.; Boissy, A. | ||||
Title | Enhancement of performances in a learning task in suckler calves after weaning and relocation: Motivational versus cognitive control?: A pilot study | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2006 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
Volume | 100 | Issue | 3-4 | Pages | 171-181 |
Keywords | Calves; Weaning; Learning; Cognition; Behavioural test | ||||
Abstract | Weaning in suckler calves influences performance in a learning task. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the improved performance after weaning, including relocation, is due to differences in motivation for the reward or in learning abilities. Forty Aubrac calves were used; half of them were weaned from their dams at around eight months, the other half were weaned one month later. After weaning, calves were housed in groups of four in a new setting. From the day after weaning of the last group of calves, the animals were subjected to two tests: (1) an arena test, (2) a T-maze test where one arm led to either a social or a food reward. The T-maze test consisted of three sessions: in Session 1, trials were conducted until the animal acquired the task (i.e. did not take the unrewarded arm on three consecutive trials); in Session 2, the motivation for the reward was assessed via the walking time of the animal to reach the reward; in Session 3, the place of reward was reversed and the animals were trained until they acquired the new task. Calves weaned for one day explored more (P < 0.05) and had lower heart rates during the arena test (P < 0.05) compared to the ones weaned for one month. During the T-maze test, calves weaned for one month versus one day did not differ in their capacities to learn the initial route (Session 1) or in their motivation for either the social or food reward (Session 2). Calves weaned for one day learned significantly faster (P < 0.05) the reversed route (Session 3) than calves weaned for one month. Hence, the better performances at reversal in the T-maze by calves that have just been weaned cannot be accounted for by a higher motivation for the reward. A better cognitive control of their behaviour due to a lower stress state is suggested by our results. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 285 | ||
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