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Author |
Hunt, G.R.; Gray R.D.; Taylor, A.H. |
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Title |
Why is tool use rare in animals? |
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Book Whole |
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Year |
2013 |
Publication |
Tool Use in Animals: Cognition and Ecology |
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Cambridge University Press |
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Cambridge, MA. |
Editor |
anz C, Call J, Boesch C |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
6658 |
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Author |
McDonough, P.; Kindig, C.A.; Ramsel, C.; Poole, D.C.; Erickson, H.H. |
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Title |
The effect of treadmill incline on maximal oxygen uptake, gas exchange and the metabolic response to exercise in the horse |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Experimental Physiology |
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Volume |
87 |
Issue |
04 |
Pages |
499-506 M3 - null |
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Abstract |
In healthy man, conditions that change muscle O2 delivery affect the achievable maximum rate of O2 uptake (V[dot above]O2,max) as well as the metabolic (e.g. lactate threshold, LT) and gas exchange (e.g. gas exchange threshold, Tge) responses to incremental exercise. Inclined (I) compared to level (L) running increases locomotory muscle EMG at a given speed in the horse, indicative of elevated metabolic demand. To our knowledge, the effect of treadmill incline on V[dot above]O2,max, LT and Tge has not been addressed in the exercising quadruped. We used blood sampling and breath-by-breath expired gas analysis to test the hypothesis that I (10 % gradient) would increase V[dot above]O2,max and the rate of O2 uptake (V[dot above]O2) at LT and Tge in six Thoroughbred horses during incremental running to volitional fatigue. V[dot above]O2,max was significantly higher for I (I, 77.8 ± 4.1; L, 65.5 ± 5.3 l min-1; P < 0.05), but peak plasma lactate concentration was not (I, 28.0 ± 3.7; L, 25.9 ± 3.0 mM). Arterial PCO2 increased to 62.1 ± 3.3 and 57.9 ± 2.7 Torr (I vs. L; P < 0.05), yet despite this relative hypoventilation, a distinct Tge was present. This Tge occurred at a significantly different absolute (I, 49.6 ± 3.2; L, 42.4 ± 3.2 l min-1; P < 0.05), but nearly identical relative V[dot above]O2 (I, 63.6 ± 1.2; L, 63.9 ± 1.6 % V[dot above]O2,max) in I and L. Similarly, LT occurred at a significantly greater absolute V[dot above]O2 (I, 37.3 ± 2.8; L, 26.9 ± 2.1 l min-1), but a relative V[dot above]O2 that was not different (I, 47.9 ± 2.1; L, 43.9 ± 4.5 % V[dot above]O2,max). In addition, Tge occurred at a significantly higher (P [less-than-or-equal] 0.05) absolute and relative V[dot above]O2 than LT for both I and L tests. In conclusion, V[dot above]O2,max is higher during inclined than level running and both LT and Tge in the horse occur at a similar percentage of V[dot above]O2,max irrespective of the absolute level of V[dot above]O2,max. In contrast to humans, LT is a poor analogue of Tge in the horse. |
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Cambridge Journals Online |
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1469-445x |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5650 |
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Author |
Hoffmann, G.; Bentke, A.; Rose-Meierhöfer, S.; Berg, W.; Mazetti, P.; Hardarson, G.H. |
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Title |
Influence of an active stable system on the behavior and body condition of Icelandic horses |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2012 |
Publication |
animal |
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Volume |
6 |
Issue |
10 |
Pages |
1684-1693 |
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Keywords |
activity, automatic feeding system, behavior, body condition score, Icelandic horse |
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Abstract |
Horses are often stabled in individual boxes, a method that does not meet their natural needs and may cause psychical and
musculoskeletal diseases. This problem is particularly evident in Iceland, where horses often spend the long winter periods in cramped
boxes. The aim of this study was to analyze the suitability of a group housing system in Iceland, but the results are also applicable to
horses of other regions. Eight Icelandic horses were observed in an active stable system, and their behavior and time budget were
recorded. Movement and lying behavior were studied with ALT (Activity, Lying, Temperature detection) pedometers. The effect of an
automatic concentrate feeding station (CFS) on the horses’ behavior was examined. In the first period of investigation, the horses
were fed concentrates manually, and in the second period, they were fed with the CFS. Additional behavioral observations and a
determination of social hierarchy occurred directly or by video surveillance. The physical condition of the horses was recorded by body
weight (BW) measurement and body condition scoring (BCS). The results showed a significant increase between the first and second
trial periods in both the activity (P,0.001) and the lying time (P50.003) of the horses with use of the CFS. However, there was no
significant change in BW during the first period without the CFS (P50.884) or during the second period with the CFS (P50.540).
The BCS of the horses was constant at a very good level during both trial periods, and the horses showed a low level of aggression, a
firm social hierarchy and behavioral synchronization. This study concludes that group housing according to the active stable principle is
a welfare-friendly option for keeping horses and is a suitable alternative to conventional individual boxes. |
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Cambridge Journals Online |
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1751-732x |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5759 |
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Author |
Mettke-Hofmann, C.; Winkler, H.; Leisler, B. |
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Title |
The Significance of Ecological Factors for Exploration and Neophobia in Parrots |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Ethology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
108 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
249-272 |
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Abstract |
Exploratory behaviour plays an important role in most animals for gathering information about their environment. If it constitutes an adaptation to different environmental conditions exploratory behaviour should differ between species. This has been tested with several hypotheses. Sixty-one parrot species (Psittacidae) from eight tribes with different diets and habitat preferences were investigated in aviaries. Two tests were carried out. First, a novel object (wooden ring) in the familiar aviary was presented on two test days in the exploration test. Latencies until first contact with the object and the duration of exploration were recorded. Secondly, in the neophobia test, novel objects were placed beside the feeding dish and latencies until first food intake were recorded. The exploration and neophobia data were related to 12 (13) ecological variables using multiple regression analyses. Phylogenetic relationships were considered. Species that inhabit complex habitats, such as forest edges, or that feed on buds or species from islands showed the shortest latencies in the exploration test. In contrast, long latencies were related to a diet including a great amount of seeds and/or flowers. The longest duration of exploration occurred in species eating nuts or originating from islands, whereas short durations were related to feeding on seeds. Neophobia was positively related to a diet consisting of insects, and negatively to a diet of leaves. There was no relationship between measures of exploration and neophobia. Exploration and neophobia seem to be tightly related to the ecology of a species. |
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Blackwell Wissenschafts-Verlag |
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1439-0310 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5617 |
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Author |
Moss, C.J.; Poole, J.H. |
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Title |
Relationships and social structure in African elephants. |
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Book Chapter |
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Year |
1983 |
Publication |
Primate social relationships: an integrated approach. |
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Blackwell Science Ltd |
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Editor |
Hinde, R.A. |
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978-0632009992 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4426 |
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Author |
Aberle, K.S.; Hamann, H.; Drögemüller, C.; Distl, O. |
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Title |
Genetic diversity in German draught horse breeds compared with a group of primitive, riding and wild horses by means of microsatellite DNA markers |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Animal Genetics |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Gen. |
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Volume |
35 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
270-277 |
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Keywords |
diversity; endangered breeds; genetic variation; horse; microsatellite |
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Abstract |
Summary We compared the genetic diversity and distance among six German draught horse breeds to wild (Przewalski's Horse), primitive (Icelandic Horse, Sorraia Horse, Exmoor Pony) or riding horse breeds (Hanoverian Warmblood, Arabian) by means of genotypic information from 30 microsatellite loci. The draught horse breeds included the South German Coldblood, Rhenish German Draught Horse, Mecklenburg Coldblood, Saxon Thuringa Coldblood, Black Forest Horse and Schleswig Draught Horse. Despite large differences in population sizes, the average observed heterozygosity (Ho) differed little among the heavy horse breeds (0.64�0.71), but was considerably lower than in the Hanoverian Warmblood or Icelandic Horse population. The mean number of alleles (NA) decreased more markedly with declining population sizes of German draught horse breeds (5.2�6.3) but did not reach the values of Hanoverian Warmblood (NA = 6.7). The coefficient of differentiation among the heavy horse breeds showed 11.6% of the diversity between the heavy horse breeds, as opposed to 21.2% between the other horse populations. The differentiation test revealed highly significant genetic differences among all draught horse breeds except the Mecklenburg and Saxon Thuringa Coldbloods. The Schleswig Draught Horse was the most distinct draught horse breed. In conclusion, the study demonstrated a clear distinction among the German draught horse breeds and even among breeds with a very short history of divergence like Rhenish German Draught Horse and its East German subpopulations Mecklenburg and Saxon Thuringa Coldblood. |
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Blackwell Science Ltd |
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ISSN |
1365-2052 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5184 |
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Author |
Eriksson, E.; Royo, F.; Lyberg, K.; Carlsson, H.-E.; Hau, J. |
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Title |
Effect of metabolic cage housing on immunoglobulin A and corticosterone excretion in faeces and urine of young male rats |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Experimental Physiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Exp. Physiol. |
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Volume |
89 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
427-433 |
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Six 8-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats were studied for 9 days divided into three periods of 3 days each: before transferral to metabolism cages, during metabolic cage housing and after return to their home cages. Faeces were collected daily when the animals were housed in their home cages and every 6 h when the animals were housed in metabolic cages during which time urine was also collected every 6 h. The rate of weight gain was slightly reduced during the 3 days in metabolic cages and the animals produced significantly larger amounts of faeces when housed in metabolic cages than when housed in their home cages. The total faecal excretion of corticosterone (nanograms excreted per hour per kilogram body weight) and immunoglobulin A (IgA) (milligrams excreted per hour per kg body weight) quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) exhibited a clear diurnal rhythm in the metabolic cage. Urinary excretions of corticosterone and IgA also followed a clear diurnal cycle. The mean daily amounts of corticosterone excreted were not significantly affected by cage change and by housing in metabolic cages. However, the excretion of faecal IgA was significantly reduced during the 3 days after the period in metabolic cages. Taken together the results indicate that metabolic cage housing is mildly stressful for young adult male rats. |
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Blackwell Science Ltd |
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1469-445x |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5850 |
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Author |
Hemelrijk, C.K.; Hildenbrandt, H. |
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Title |
Self-Organized Shape and Frontal Density of Fish Schools |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Ethology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Ethology |
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Volume |
114 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
245-254 |
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Abstract Models of swarming (based on avoidance, alignment and attraction) produce patterns of behaviour also seen in schools of fish. However, the significance of such similarities has been questioned, because some model assumptions are unrealistic [e.g. speed in most models is constant with random error, the perception is global and the size of the schools that have been studied is small (up to 128 individuals)]. This criticism also applies to our former model, in which we demonstrated the emergence of two patterns of spatial organization, i.e. oblong school form and high frontal density, which are supposed to function as protection against predators. In our new model we respond to this criticism by making the following improvements: individuals have a preferred ‘cruise speed’ from which they can deviate in order to avoid others or to catch up with them. Their range of perception is inversely related to density, with which we take into account that high density limits the perception of others that are further away. Swarm sizes range from 10 to 2000 individuals. The model is three-dimensional. Further, we show that the two spatial patterns (oblong shape and high frontal density) emerge by self-organization as a side-effect of coordination at two speeds (of two or four body lengths per second) for schools of sizes above 20. Our analysis of the model leads to the development of a new set of hypotheses. If empirical data confirm these hypotheses, then in a school of real fish these patterns may arise as a side-effect of their coordination in the same way as in the model. |
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Blackwell Publishing Ltd |
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1439-0310 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5202 |
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Author |
Sambraus, H.H. |
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Title |
Das soziale Lecken des Rindes |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1969 |
Publication |
Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie |
Abbreviated Journal |
Z. Tierpsychol. |
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26 |
Issue |
7 |
Pages |
805-810 |
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Blackwell Publishing Ltd |
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1439-0310 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5235 |
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Author |
Dochtermann, N.A.; Jenkins, S.H. |
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Title |
Multivariate Methods and Small Sample Sizes |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2011 |
Publication |
Ethology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Ethology |
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Volume |
117 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
95-101 |
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Blackwell Publishing Ltd |
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1439-0310 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5288 |
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