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Author |
Burn, C.C. |
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Title |
A Vicious Cycle: A Cross-Sectional Study of Canine Tail-Chasing and Human Responses to It, Using a Free Video-Sharing Website |
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Journal Article |
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2011 |
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Plos One |
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Plos One |
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6 |
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11 |
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e26553 |
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Tail-chasing is widely celebrated as normal canine behaviour in cultural references. However, all previous scientific studies of tail-chasing or 'spinning' have comprised small clinical populations of dogs with neurological, compulsive or other pathological conditions; most were ultimately euthanased. Thus, there is great disparity between scientific and public information on tail-chasing. I gathered data on the first large (n = 400), non-clinical tail-chasing population, made possible through a vast, free, online video repository, YouTube[TM]. The demographics of this online population are described and discussed. Approximately one third of tail-chasing dogs showed clinical signs, including habitual (daily or 'all the time') or perseverative (difficult to distract) performance of the behaviour. These signs were observed across diverse breeds. Clinical signs appeared virtually unrecognised by the video owners and commenting viewers; laughter was recorded in 55% of videos, encouragement in 43%, and the commonest viewer descriptors were that the behaviour was 'funny' (46%) or 'cute' (42%). Habitual tail-chasers had 6.5+/-2.3 times the odds of being described as 'Stupid' than other dogs, and perseverative dogs were 6.8+/-2.1 times more frequently described as 'Funny' than distractible ones were. Compared with breed- and age-matched control videos, tail-chasing videos were significantly more often indoors and with a computer/television screen switched on. These findings highlight that tail-chasing is sometimes pathological, but can remain untreated, or even be encouraged, because of an assumption that it is 'normal' dog behaviour. The enormous viewing figures that YouTube[TM] attracts (mean+/-s.e. = 863+/-197 viewings per tail-chasing video) suggest that this perception will be further reinforced, without effective intervention. |
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Public Library of Science |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6378 |
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Pawluski, J.; Jego, P.; Henry, S.; Bruchet, A.; Palme, R.; Coste, C.; Hausberger, M. |
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Title |
Low plasma cortisol and fecal cortisol metabolite measures as indicators of compromised welfare in domestic horses (Equus caballus) |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2017 |
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Plos One |
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Plos One |
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12 |
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9 |
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e0182257 |
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The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis response to chronic stress is far from straight forward, particularly with regards to animal welfare. There are reports of no effect as well as both decreases and increases in cortisol after chronic stressors. Therefore, the first aim of the present study was to determine how measures of compromised welfare, such as chronic pain and haematological anomalies, related to cortisol levels in domestic horses (Equus caballus). Domestic horses are an informative model to investigate the impact of chronic stress (due to environment, pain, work, housing conditions...) on the HPA axis. The second aim was to determine whether levels of fecal cortisol metabolites (FCM) may be used as an indicator of welfare measures. The present study used fifty-nine horses (44 geldings and 15 mares), from three riding centres in Brittany, France. The primary findings show that horses whose welfare was clearly compromised (as indicated by an unusual ears backward position, presence of vertebral problems or haematological anomalies, e.g. anaemia) also had lower levels of both FCM and plasma cortisol. This work extends our previous findings showing that withdrawn postures, indicators of depressive-like behavior in horses, are associated with lower plasma cortisol levels. We also found that evening plasma cortisol levels positively correlated with FCM levels in horses. Future research aims to determine the extent to which factors of influence on welfare, such as living conditions (e.g. single stalls versus group housing in pasture or paddocks), early life factors, and human interaction, act as mediators of cortisol levels in horses. |
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Public Library of Science |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6516 |
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Dwan, K.; Altman, D.G.; Arnaiz, J.A.; Bloom, J.; Chan, A.-W.; Cronin, E.; Decullier, E.; Easterbrook, P.J.; Von Elm, E.; Gamble, C.; Ghersi, D.; Ioannidis, J.P.A.; Simes, J.; Williamson, P.R. |
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Title |
Systematic Review of the Empirical Evidence of Study Publication Bias and Outcome Reporting Bias |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2008 |
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Plos One |
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Plos One |
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3 |
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8 |
Pages |
e3081 |
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Background The increased use of meta-analysis in systematic reviews of healthcare interventions has highlighted several types of bias that can arise during the completion of a randomised controlled trial. Study publication bias has been recognised as a potential threat to the validity of meta-analysis and can make the readily available evidence unreliable for decision making. Until recently, outcome reporting bias has received less attention. Methodology/Principal Findings We review and summarise the evidence from a series of cohort studies that have assessed study publication bias and outcome reporting bias in randomised controlled trials. Sixteen studies were eligible of which only two followed the cohort all the way through from protocol approval to information regarding publication of outcomes. Eleven of the studies investigated study publication bias and five investigated outcome reporting bias. Three studies have found that statistically significant outcomes had a higher odds of being fully reported compared to non-significant outcomes (range of odds ratios: 2.2 to 4.7). In comparing trial publications to protocols, we found that 40-62% of studies had at least one primary outcome that was changed, introduced, or omitted. We decided not to undertake meta-analysis due to the differences between studies. Conclusions Recent work provides direct empirical evidence for the existence of study publication bias and outcome reporting bias. There is strong evidence of an association between significant results and publication; studies that report positive or significant results are more likely to be published and outcomes that are statistically significant have higher odds of being fully reported. Publications have been found to be inconsistent with their protocols. Researchers need to be aware of the problems of both types of bias and efforts should be concentrated on improving the reporting of trials. |
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Public Library of Science |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6644 |
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Author |
Wynne C. D. L. |
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Title |
Animal Cognition: The Mental Lives of Animals |
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2001 |
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Covering a wide range of key topics, from reasoning and communication to sensation and complex problem-solving, this engagingly-written text presents a comprehensive survey of contemporary research on animal cognition. Written for anyone with an interest in animal cognition, but without a background in animal behaviour, it endeavours to explain what makes animals tick.
With numerous illustrations and including exciting recent studies from many little-studied species (such as the weakly electric African fish), this text is ideal for psychology students who are interested in how much of our human cognition is shared by other species, for students of biology who want to know how complex animal behaviour can get, and for all those with an interest in the animal mind. |
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Palgrave |
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9780333923955 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6157 |
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Author |
Allen, C. |
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Title |
Transitive inference in animals: Reasoning or conditioned associations? |
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Book Chapter |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Rational Animals? |
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175-186 |
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It is widely accepted that many species of nonhuman animals appear to engage in transitive inference,
producing appropriate responses to novel pairings of non-adjacent members of an ordered series
without previous experience of these pairings. Some researchers have taken this capability as
providing direct evidence that these animals reason. Others resist such declarations, favouring instead
explanations in terms of associative conditioning. Associative accounts of transitive inference have
been refined in application to a simple 5-element learning task that is the main paradigm for
laboratory investigations of the phenomenon, but it remains unclear how well those accounts
generalise to more information-rich environments such as social hierarchies which may contain scores
of individuals, and where rapid learning is important. The case of transitive inference is an example of
a more general dispute between proponents of associative accounts and advocates of more cognitive
accounts of animal behaviour. Examination of the specific details of transitive inference suggests
some lessons for the wider debate. |
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Texas A&M University |
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Oxford University Press |
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Oxford |
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Hurley, S.; Nudds, M. |
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978-0-19-852827-2 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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611 |
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Author |
Ehardt, C.L.; Bernstein, I.S. |
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Title |
Conflict intervention behaviour by adult male macaques: structural and functional aspects |
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1992 |
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Coalitions and Alliances in Humans and Other Animals |
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83-111 |
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Oxford University Press |
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Oxford |
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Harcourt, A.H.; de Waal, F.B.M. |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4926 |
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Zabel, C. J.; Glickman, S. E.; Frank, L. G.; Woodmansee, K. B.; Keppel, G. |
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Title |
Coalition formation in a colony of prepubertal spotted hyaenas |
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1992 |
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Coalitions and Alliances in Humans and Other Animals |
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113–135 |
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Oxford University Press |
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Oxford |
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Harcourt, A.H.; de Waal, F.B.M. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5232 |
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Author |
Connor, R. C.; Smokler, R. A.; Richards, A. F. |
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Title |
Dolphin alliances and coalitions |
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1992 |
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Coalitions and Alliances in Humans and Other Animals |
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415-443 |
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Oxford University Press |
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Oxford |
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Harcourt, A.H.;de Waal, F.B.M. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5238 |
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Author |
Lee, P.C. |
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Title |
Innovation as a behavioural response to environmental challenges |
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2003 |
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Animal Innovation |
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261-279 |
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Oxford University Press |
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Oxford |
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S. M. Reader and K. N. Laland |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6534 |
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Ramsden, S.; Richardson, F.M.; Josse, G.; Thomas, M.S.C.; Ellis, C.; Shakeshaft, C.; Seghier, M.L.; Price, C.J. |
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Title |
Verbal and non-verbal intelligence changes in the teenage brain |
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Journal Article |
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2011 |
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Nature |
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advance online publication |
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Intelligence quotient (IQ) is a standardized measure of human intellectual capacity that takes into account a wide range of cognitive skills1. IQ is generally considered to be stable across the lifespan, with scores at one time point used to predict educational achievement and employment prospects in later years1. Neuroimaging allows us to test whether unexpected longitudinal fluctuations in measured IQ are related to brain development. Here we show that verbal and non-verbal IQ can rise or fall in the teenage years, with these changes in performance validated by their close correlation with changes in local brain structure. A combination of structural and functional imaging showed that verbal IQ changed with grey matter in a region that was activated by speech, whereas non-verbal IQ changed with grey matter in a region that was activated by finger movements. By using longitudinal assessments of the same individuals, we obviated the many sources of variation in brain structure that confound cross-sectional studies. This allowed us to dissociate neural markers for the two types of IQ and to show that general verbal and non-verbal abilities are closely linked to the sensorimotor skills involved in learning. More generally, our results emphasize the possibility that an individual’s intellectual capacity relative to their peers can decrease or increase in the teenage years. This would be encouraging to those whose intellectual potential may improve, and would be a warning that early achievers may not maintain their potential. |
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Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved. |
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1476-4687 |
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10.1038/nature10514 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5422 |
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