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Sheriff, M.J.; Dantzer, B.; Delehanty, B.; Palme, R.; Boonstra, R. |
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Title |
Measuring stress in wildlife: techniques for quantifying glucocorticoids |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2011 |
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Oecologia |
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166 |
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4 |
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869-887 |
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Stress responses play a key role in allowing animals to cope with change and challenge in the face of both environmental certainty and uncertainty. Measurement of glucocorticoid levels, key elements in the neuroendocrine stress axis, can give insight into an animal’s well-being and can aid understanding ecological and evolutionary processes as well as conservation and management issues. We give an overview of the four main biological samples that have been utilized [blood, saliva, excreta (feces and urine), and integumentary structures (hair and feathers)], their advantages and disadvantages for use with wildlife, and some of the background and pitfalls that users must consider in interpreting their results. The matrix of choice will depend on the nature of the study and of the species, on whether one is examining the impact of acute versus chronic stressors, and on the degree of invasiveness that is possible or desirable. In some cases, more than one matrix can be measured to achieve the same ends. All require a significant degree of expertise, sometimes in obtaining the sample and always in extracting and analyzing the glucocorticoid or its metabolites. Glucocorticoid measurement is proving to be a powerful integrator of environmental stressors and of an animal’s condition. |
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1432-1939 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Sheriff2011 |
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6150 |
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Author |
Day, R.L.; Coe, R.L.; Kendal, J.R.; Laland, K.N. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
Neophilia, innovation and social learning: a study of intergeneric differences in callitrichid monkeys |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2003 |
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Animal Behaviour |
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Anim. Behav. |
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65 |
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3 |
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559-571 |
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In a comparative study of neophilia, innovation and social attentiveness we exposed individuals in seven callitrichid species, from three genera, to novel extractive foraging tasks. The results revealed consistently shorter response latencies, higher levels of successful and unsuccessful manipulation, and greater attentiveness to the task and to conspecifics inLeontopithecus (lion tamarins) than in both Saguinus (tamarins) and Callithrix (marmosets). This is consistent with the hypothesis that species dependent upon manipulative and explorative foraging tend to be less neophobic and more innovative than other species. Furthermore, Callithrix appeared to be less neophobic than Saguinus; ifCallithrix is regarded as the greater specialist, this result is inconsistent with the hypothesis that neophobia is associated with foraging specialization. We consider the relevance of our findings to taxonomic relationships, and to technical and Machiavellian intelligence hypotheses and discuss the implications for captive breeding and reintroduction strategies.Copyright 2003 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd on behalf of The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. |
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0003-3472 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6035 |
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Boogert, N.J.; Reader, S.M.; Hoppitt, W.; Laland, K.N. |
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Title |
The origin and spread of innovations in starlings |
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Journal Article |
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2008 |
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Animal Behaviour |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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75 |
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4 |
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1509-1518 |
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diffusion dynamics; dominance; foraging; group; innovation; neophobia; social learning; social network; starling; Sturnus vulgaris |
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There are numerous reports of novel learned behaviour patterns in animal populations, yet the factors influencing the invention and spread of these innovations remain poorly understood. Here we investigated to what extent the pattern of spread of innovations in captive groups of starlings, Sturnus vulgaris, could be predicted by knowledge of individual and social group variables, including association patterns, social rank orders, measures of neophobia and asocial learning performance. We presented small groups of starlings with a series of novel extractive foraging tasks and recorded the latency for each bird to contact and solve each task, as well as the orders of contacting and solving. We then explored which variables best predicted the observed diffusion patterns. Object neophobia and social rank measures characterized who was the first of the group to contact the novel foraging tasks, and the subsequent spread of contacting tasks was associated with latency to feed in a novel environment. Asocial learning performance, measured in isolation, predicted who was the first solver of the novel foraging tasks in each group. Association patterns did not predict the spread of solving. Contact latency and solving duration were negatively correlated, consistent with social learning underlying the spread of solving. Our findings indicate that we can improve our understanding of the diffusion dynamics of innovations in animal groups by investigating group-dependent and individual variables in combination. We introduce novel methods for exploring predictors of the origin and spread of behavioural innovations that could be widely applied. |
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0003-3472 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6036 |
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Author |
Ringhofer, M.; Yamamoto, S. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
Domestic horses send signals to humans when they face with an unsolvable task |
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Journal Article |
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2016 |
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Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
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1-9 |
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Some domestic animals are thought to be skilled at social communication with humans due to the process of domestication. Horses, being in close relationship with humans, similar to dogs, might be skilled at communication with humans. Previous studies have indicated that they are sensitive to bodily signals and the attentional state of humans; however, there are few studies that investigate communication with humans and responses to the knowledge state of humans. Our first question was whether and how horses send signals to their potentially helpful but ignorant caretakers in a problem-solving situation where a food item was hidden in a bucket that was accessible only to the caretakers. We then examined whether horses alter their behaviours on the basis of the caretakers’ knowledge of where the food was hidden. We found that horses communicated to their caretakers using visual and tactile signals. The signalling behaviour of the horses significantly increased in conditions where the caretakers had not seen the hiding of the food. These results suggest that horses alter their communicative behaviour towards humans in accordance with humans’ knowledge state. |
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1435-9456 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Ringhofer2016 |
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6037 |
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Author |
Siniscalchi, M.; Padalino, B.; Lusito, R.; Quaranta, A. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
Is the left forelimb preference indicative of a stressful situation in horses? |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2014 |
Publication |
Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
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107 |
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61-67 |
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Animal welfare; Ethology; Horse; Limb preference; Physiology |
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Abstract Evidence for behavioural and brain lateralisation is now widespread among the animal kingdom; lateralisation of limb use (pawedness) occurs in several mammals including both feral and domestic horses. We investigated limb preferences in 14 Quarter Horse during different motor tasks (walking, stepping on and off a step, truck loading and unloading). Population lateralisation was observed in two tasks: horses preferentially used their left forelimb during truck loading and stepping off a step. The results also revealed that horses showed higher scores for anxious behaviours during truck loading suggesting that the use of the left forelimb in this task may reflect the main role of the right hemisphere in control of behaviour during stressful situation. |
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0376-6357 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6041 |
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Author |
Sebastiano, M.; Eens, M.; Angelier, F.; Pineau, K.; Chastel, O.; Costantini, D. |
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Title |
Corticosterone, inflammation, immune status and telomere length in frigatebird nestlings facing a severe herpesvirus infection |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2017 |
Publication |
Conservation Physiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Conserv. Physiol. |
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5 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
cow073-cow073 |
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Herpesvirus outbreaks are common in natural animal populations, but little is known about factors that favour the infection and its consequences for the organism. In this study, we examined the pathophysiological consequences of a disease probably attributable to herpesvirus infection for several markers of immune function, corticosterone, telomere length and inflammation. In addition, we assessed whether any markers used in this study might be associated with the occurrence of visible clinical signs of the disease and its impact on short-term survival perspectives. To address our questions, in spring 2015, we collected blood samples from nestlings of the magnificent frigatebird (Fregata magnificens) that were free of any clinical signs or showed visible signs of the disease. We found that the plasma concentration of haptoglobin was strongly associated with the infection status and could predict probabilities of survival. We also found that nestlings with clinical signs had lower baseline corticosterone concentrations and similar telomere length compared with healthy nestlings, whereas we did not find any association of the infection status with innate immune defenses or with nitric oxide concentration. Overall, our results suggest that the plasma concentration of haptoglobin might be a valuable tool to assess survival probabilities of frigatebird nestlings facing a herpesvirus outbreak. |
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10.1093/conphys/cow073 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6042 |
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Author |
Palme, R.; Moestl, E. |
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Title |
Measurement of cortisol metabolites in faeces of sheep as a parameter of cortisol concentration in blood |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1997 |
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Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde |
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J. Mammal. Biol. |
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62 |
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192-197 |
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glucocorticoids, metabolites, animal biology, sheep, immunoenzyme techniques, |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6044 |
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Palme, R.; Touma, C.; Arias,N.; Dominchin, M.F.; Lepschy, M. |
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Steroid extraction: Get the best out of faecal samples |
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2012 |
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Veterinary Medicine Austria |
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Vet. Med. Austria |
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100 |
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238-246 |
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Faecal steroid hormone metabolites are becoming increasingly popular as parameters for reproductive functions and stress. Theextraction of the steroids from the faecal matrix represents the initial step before quantification can be performed. The steroid metabolites present in the faecal matrix are of varying polarity and composition, so selection of a proper extraction procedure is essential. There have been some studies to address this complex but often neglected point. Radiolabelled
steroids (e.g. cortisol or progesterone) have frequently been added to faecal samples to estimate the efficiency of the extraction procedures used. However, native, unmetabolized steroids are normally not present in the faeces and therefore the results are artificial and do not accurately reflect the actual recoveries of the substances of interest. In this respect, recovery experiments based on faecal samples from radiometabolism studies are more informative. In these samples, the metabolite content accurately reflects the mixture of metabolites present in the given species. As a result, it is possible to evaluate different extraction methods for use with faecal samples. We present studies on sheep, horses, pigs, hares and dogs that utilized samples containing naturally metabolized, 14C-labelled steroids. |
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Review, faeces, extrac- tion, non-invasive hormone moni- toring, stress, reproduction. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6046 |
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Author |
Merl, S.; Scherzer, S.; Palme, R.; Möstl, E. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
Pain causes increased concentrations of glucocorticoid metabolites in horse feces |
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Journal Article |
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2000 |
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Journal of Equine Veterinary Science |
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J Equine Vet Sci |
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20 |
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9 |
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586-590 |
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The concentration of 11,17-dioxoandrostanes (11,17-DOA), a group of cortisol metabolites, was measured using enzyme immunoassay in fecal samples of horses experiencing painful episodes. One group of horses consisted of 10 stallions castrated (samples were collected daily for 10 days); the other group was made up of 29 horses which were brought to an animal hospital because of signs of colic (samples were collected twice daily for six days). Before castration, median concentrations of 10.5 nmol/kg feces were measured. On days 1 and 2 after castration, median 11,17-DOA values increased up to 26.2 and 50.0 nmol/kg feces, respectively, and decreased thereafter to levels lower than at the beginning of the sampling period. High variations were measured between individual cases of colic. In animals with colic, all horses excreted more than 33 nmol 11,17-DOA/kg feces for various periods. The highest concentration measured was 885 nmol/kg feces. One animal out of the 29 colic horses did not show any clinical signs of pain upon arrival in the hospital. The 11,17-DOA values were below 17 nmol/kg feces in all those samples. From this data we conclude, that the concentration of 11,17-DOA in feces is a parameter for painful situations that have occurred one or two days earlier. |
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0737-0806 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6047 |
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Briefer, E.F.; Mandel, R.; Maigrot, A.-L.; Briefer Freymond, S.; Bachmann, I.; Hillmann, E. |
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Title |
Perception of emotional valence in horse whinnies |
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Journal Article |
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2017 |
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Frontiers in Zoology |
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14 |
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1 |
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8 |
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Non-human animals often produce different types of vocalisations in negative and positive contexts (i.e. different valence), similar to humans, in which crying is associated with negative emotions and laughter is associated with positive ones. However, some types of vocalisations (e.g. contact calls, human speech) can be produced in both negative and positive contexts, and changes in valence are only accompanied by slight structural differences. Although such acoustically graded signals associated with opposite valence have been highlighted in some species, it is not known if conspecifics discriminate them, and if contagion of emotional valence occurs as a result. We tested whether domestic horses perceive, and are affected by, the emotional valence of whinnies produced by both familiar and unfamiliar conspecifics. We measured physiological and behavioural reactions to whinnies recorded during emotionally negative (social separation) and positive (social reunion) situations. |
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1742-9994 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Briefer2017 |
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6049 |
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