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de Waal, F.B.M.; Ferrari, P.F. |
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Title |
Towards a bottom-up perspective on animal and human cognition |
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2010 |
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Trends in Cognitive Sciences |
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Trends Cognit. Sci. |
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14 |
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5 |
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201-207 |
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Over the last few decades, comparative cognitive research has focused on the pinnacles of mental evolution, asking all-or-nothing questions such as which animals (if any) possess a theory of mind, culture, linguistic abilities, future planning, and so on. Research programs adopting this top-down perspective have often pitted one taxon against another, resulting in sharp dividing lines. Insight into the underlying mechanisms has lagged behind. A dramatic change in focus now seems to be under way, however, with increased appreciation that the basic building blocks of cognition might be shared across a wide range of species. We argue that this bottom-up perspective, which focuses on the constituent capacities underlying larger cognitive phenomena, is more in line with both neuroscience and evolutionary biology. |
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1364-6613 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5857 |
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Author |
de Waal, F.B.M. |
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Title |
Putting the Altruism Back into Altruism: The Evolution of Empathy |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2008 |
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Annual Review of Psychology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Annu Rev Psychol |
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59 |
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1 |
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279-300 |
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Evolutionary theory postulates that altruistic behavior evolved for the return-benefits it bears the performer. For return-benefits to play a motivational role, however, they need to be experienced by the organism. Motivational analyses should restrict themselves, therefore, to the altruistic impulse and its knowable consequences. Empathy is an ideal candidate mechanism to underlie so-called directed altruism, i.e., altruism in response to anothers's pain, need, or distress. Evidence is accumulating that this mechanism is phylogenetically ancient, probably as old as mammals and birds. Perception of the emotional state of another automatically activates shared representations causing a matching emotional state in the observer. With increasing cognition, state-matching evolved into more complex forms, including concern for the other and perspective-taking. Empathy-induced altruism derives its strength from the emotional stake it offers the self in the other's welfare. The dynamics of the empathy mechanism agree with predictions from kin selection and reciprocal altruism theory. |
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Annual Reviews |
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0066-4308 |
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doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093625 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5058 |
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de Waal, F.B.M.; Aureli, F. |
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Title |
Consolation, reconciliation, and a possible cognitive difference between macaque and chimpanzee |
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Year |
1996 |
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Reaching into Thought: The Minds of the Great Apes |
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80–110. |
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Russon,A.E.; Bard, K.A.; Parker, S.T. |
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Cambridge University Press |
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Cambridge |
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Russon,A.E.; Bard, K.A.; Parker, S.T. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5060 |
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de Waal, F.B.M. |
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Title |
Chimpanzee politics:power and sex among apes. |
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1982 |
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Johns Hopkins University Press |
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Baltimore |
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978-0801886560 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4857 |
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