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Author |
Pusey, A.E. |
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Title |
Sex-biased dispersal and inbreeding avoidance in birds and mammals |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1987 |
Publication |
Trends in Ecology & Evolution |
Abbreviated Journal |
Trends. Ecol. Evol |
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Volume |
2 |
Issue |
10 |
Pages |
295-299 |
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Abstract |
Sex differences in dispersal distance are widespread in birds and mammals, but the predominantly dispersing sex differs consistently between the classes. There has been persistent debate over the relative importance of two factors -- intrasexual competition and inbreeding avoidance -- in producing sex-biased dispersal, and over the sources of the difference in dispersal patterns between the two classes. Recent studies cast new light on these questions. |
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0169-5347 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5326 |
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Author |
Connor, R.C. |
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Title |
Altruism among non-relatives: alternatives to the 'Prisoner's Dilemma' |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1995 |
Publication |
Trends in Ecology & Evolution |
Abbreviated Journal |
Trends Ecol Evol |
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Volume |
10 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
84-86 |
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Triver's model of reciprocal altruism, and its descendants based on the Prisoner's Dilemma model, have dominated thinking about cooperation and altruism between non-relatives. However, there are three alternative models of altruism directed to non-relatives. These models, which are not based on the Prisoner's Dilemma, may explain a variety of phenomena, from allogrooming among impala to helping by non-relatives in cooperatively breeding birds and mammals. |
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Division of Biological Sciences and The Michigan Society of Fellows, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI, 48109, USA |
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English |
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0169-5347 |
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PMID:21236964 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5407 |
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Author |
Huber, R.; van Staaden, M.J.; Kaufman, L.S.; Liem, K.F. |
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Title |
Microhabitat Use, Trophic Patterns, and the Evolution of Brain Structure in African Cichlids |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1997 |
Publication |
Brain, Behavior and Evolution |
Abbreviated Journal |
Brain Behav Evol |
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Volume |
50 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
167-182 |
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The species assemblages of cichlids in the three largest African Great Lakes are among the richest concentrations of vertebrate species on earth. The faunas are broadly similar in terms of trophic diversity, species richness, rates of endemism, and taxonomic composition, yet they are historically independent of each other. Hence, they offer a true and unique evolutionary experiment to test hypotheses concerning the mutual dependencies of ecology and brain morphology. We examined the brains of 189 species of cichlids from the three large lakes: Victoria, Tanganyika, and Malawi. A first paper demonstrated that patterns of evolutionary change in cichlid brain morphology are similar across taxonomic boundaries as well as across the three lakes [van Staaden et al., 1995 ZACS 98: 165–178]. Here we report a close relationship between the relative sizes of various brain structures and variables related to the utilization of habitat and prey. Causality is difficult to assign in this context, nonetheless, prey size and agility, turbidity levels, depth, and substrate complexity are all highly predictive of variation in brain structure. Areas associated with primary sensory functions such as vision and taste relate significantly to differences in feeding habits. Turbidity and depth are closely associated with differences in eye size, and large eyes are associated with species that pick plankton from the water column. Piscivorous taxa and others that utilize motile prey are characterized by a well developed optic tectum and a large cerebellum compared to species that prey on molluscs or plants. Structures relating to taste are well developed in species feeding on benthos over muddy or sandy substrates. The data militated against the existence of compensatory changes in brain structure. Thus enhanced development of a particular function is generally not accompanied by a parallel reduction of structures related to other modalities. Although genetic and environmental influences during ontogeny of the brain cannot be isolated, this study provides a rich source of hypotheses concerning the way the nervous system functions under various environmental conditions and how it has responded to natural selection. |
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0006-8977 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5454 |
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Author |
Pérez-Barbería, F.J.; Shultz, S.; Dunbar, R.I. |
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Title |
Evidence for coevolution of sociality and relative brain size in three orders of mammals |
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Journal Article |
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2007 |
Publication |
Evolution |
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61 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Pérez-Barbería2007 |
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6221 |
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Author |
Taberlet, P.; Waits, L.P.; Luikart, G. |
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Title |
Noninvasive genetic sampling: look before you leap |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1999 |
Publication |
Trends in Ecology & Evolution |
Abbreviated Journal |
Trends Ecol. Evol |
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Volume |
14 |
Issue |
8 |
Pages |
323-327 |
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Keywords |
Hairs; Feces; Feathers; Allelic dropout; Individual identification; Conservation genetics; Behavioural ecology; Pilot study; Microsatellites; Probability of identity |
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Noninvasive sampling allows genetic studies of free-ranging animals without the need to capture or even observe them, and thus allows questions to be addressed that cannot be answered using conventional methods. Initially, this sampling strategy promised to exploit fully the existing DNA-based technology for studies in ethology, conservation biology and population genetics. However, recent work now indicates the need for a more cautious approach, which includes quantifying the genotyping error rate. Despite this, many of the difficulties of noninvasive sampling will probably be overcome with improved methodology. |
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0169-5347 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6573 |
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Author |
Cozzi, B.; Povinelli, M.; Ballarin, C.; Granato, A. |
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Title |
The Brain of the Horse: Weight and Cephalization Quotients |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2014 |
Publication |
Brain, Behavior and Evolution |
Abbreviated Journal |
Brain Behav Evol |
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83 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
9-16 |
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The horse is a common domestic animal whose anatomy has been studied since the XVI century. However, a modern neuroanatomy of this species does not exist and most of the data utilized in textbooks and reviews derive from single specimens or relatively old literature. Here, we report information on the brain of Equus caballus obtained by sampling 131 horses, including brain weight (as a whole and subdivided into its constituents), encephalization quotient (EQ), and cerebellar quotient (CQ), and comparisons with what is known about other relevant species. The mean weight of the fresh brains in our experimental series was 598.63 g (SEM ± 7.65), with a mean body weight of 514.12 kg (SEM ± 15.42). The EQ was 0.78 and the CQ was 0.841. The data we obtained indicate that the horse possesses a large, convoluted brain, with a weight similar to that of other hoofed species of like mass. However, the shape of the brain, the noteworthy folding of the neocortex, and the peculiar longitudinal distribution of the gyri suggest an evolutionary specificity at least partially separate from that of the Cetartiodactyla (even-toed mammals and cetaceans) with whom Perissodactyla (odd-toed mammals) are often grouped. |
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0006-8977 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6592 |
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Author |
Dong, D.; Jones, G.; Zhang, S. |
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Title |
Dynamic evolution of bitter taste receptor genes in vertebrates |
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Journal Article |
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2009 |
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BMC Evolutionary Biology |
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9 |
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1 |
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12 |
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Sensing bitter tastes is crucial for many animals because it can prevent them from ingesting harmful foods. This process is mainly mediated by the bitter taste receptors (T2R), which are largely expressed in the taste buds. Previous studies have identified some T2R gene repertoires, and marked variation in repertoire size has been noted among species. However, the mechanisms underlying the evolution of vertebrate T2R genes remain poorly understood. |
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1471-2148 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Dong2009 |
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6637 |
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Author |
Bergmüller, R.; Taborsky, M. |
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Title |
Animal personality due to social niche specialisation |
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Journal Article |
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2010 |
Publication |
Trends in Ecology & Evolution |
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25 |
Issue |
9 |
Pages |
504-511 |
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The existence of 'animal personality', i.e. consistent individual differences in behaviour across time and contexts, is an evolutionary puzzle that has recently generated considerable research interest. Although social factors are generally considered to be important, it is as yet unclear how they might select for personality. Drawing from ecological niche theory, we explore how social conflict and alternative social options can be key factors in the evolution and development of consistent individual differences in behaviour. We discuss how animal personality research might benefit from insights into the study of alternative tactics and illustrate how selection can favour behavioural diversification and consistency due to fitness benefits resulting from conflict reduction among social partners. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6646 |
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Author |
Giraldeau, Luc-Alain |
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Title |
The ecology of information use |
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1997 |
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Behavioural ecology : an evolutionary approach |
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Blackwell Science |
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Cambridge, Mass. |
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Krebs, J.R.; Davies, N.B. |
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0865427313 9780865427310 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ 35114973 |
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4277 |
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Author |
Byrne R.W. |
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Title |
The evolution of intelligence |
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1994 |
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Behaviour and Evolution |
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223-265 |
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Cambridge University Press |
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Cambridge,UK |
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P.J.B. Slater and T.R. Halliday |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6566 |
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