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Author Grosenick, L.; Clement, T.S.; Fernald, R.D. doi  openurl
  Title Fish can infer social rank by observation alone Type Journal Article
  Year 2007 Publication Nature Abbreviated Journal Nature  
  Volume 445 Issue 7126 Pages 429-432  
  Keywords Aggression/physiology; Animals; Cognition/*physiology; Female; Fishes/*physiology; Learning/*physiology; Male; Models, Biological; *Social Dominance; Territoriality  
  Abstract Transitive inference (TI) involves using known relationships to deduce unknown ones (for example, using A > B and B > C to infer A > C), and is thus essential to logical reasoning. First described as a developmental milestone in children, TI has since been reported in nonhuman primates, rats and birds. Still, how animals acquire and represent transitive relationships and why such abilities might have evolved remain open problems. Here we show that male fish (Astatotilapia burtoni) can successfully make inferences on a hierarchy implied by pairwise fights between rival males. These fish learned the implied hierarchy vicariously (as 'bystanders'), by watching fights between rivals arranged around them in separate tank units. Our findings show that fish use TI when trained on socially relevant stimuli, and that they can make such inferences by using indirect information alone. Further, these bystanders seem to have both spatial and featural representations related to rival abilities, which they can use to make correct inferences depending on what kind of information is available to them. Beyond extending TI to fish and experimentally demonstrating indirect TI learning in animals, these results indicate that a universal mechanism underlying TI is unlikely. Rather, animals probably use multiple domain-specific representations adapted to different social and ecological pressures that they encounter during the course of their natural lives.  
  Address Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305, USA. logang@stanford.edu  
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  ISSN 1476-4687 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes PMID:17251980 Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 600  
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Author Hall, C. url  doi
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  Title The impact of visual perception on equine learning Type Journal Article
  Year 2007 Publication Behavioural Processes Abbreviated Journal Behav. Process.  
  Volume 76 Issue Pages 29-33  
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  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 619  
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Author Ninomiya, S. url  doi
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  Title Social leaning and stereotypy in horses Type Journal Article
  Year 2007 Publication Behavioural Processes Abbreviated Journal Behav. Process.  
  Volume 76 Issue Pages 22-23  
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  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 620  
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Author Leblanc, M.-A.; Duncan, P. url  doi
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  Title Can studies of cognitive abilities and of life in the wild really help us to understand equine learning? Type Journal Article
  Year 2007 Publication Behavioural Processes Abbreviated Journal Behav. Process.  
  Volume 76 Issue Pages 49-52  
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  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 621  
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Author McCall, C.A. url  doi
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  Title Making equine learning research applicable to training procedures Type Journal Article
  Year 2007 Publication Behavioural Processes Abbreviated Journal Behav. Process.  
  Volume 76 Issue 1 Pages 27-28  
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  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 623  
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Author Sigurjónsdóttir , H. url  doi
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  Title Equine learning behaviour: The importance of evolutionary and ecological approach in research Type Journal Article
  Year 2007 Publication Behavioural Processes Abbreviated Journal Behav. Process.  
  Volume 76 Issue Pages 40-42  
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  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 624  
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Author Krueger, K.; Flauger, B. url  doi
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  Title Social learning in horses from a novel perspective Type Journal Article
  Year 2007 Publication Behavioural Processes Abbreviated Journal Behav. Process.  
  Volume 76 Issue 1 Pages 37-39  
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  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 625  
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Author Heitor, F.; Vicente, L. url  doi
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  Title Learning about horses: What is equine learning all about? Type Journal Article
  Year 2007 Publication Behavioural Processes Abbreviated Journal Behav. Process.  
  Volume 76 Issue 1 Pages 34-36  
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  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 627  
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Author Houpt, K.A. url  doi
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  Title Imprinting training and conditioned taste aversion Type Journal Article
  Year 2007 Publication Behavioural Processes Abbreviated Journal Behav. Process.  
  Volume 76 Issue Pages 14-16  
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  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 628  
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Author Murphy, J.; Arkins, S. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Equine learning behaviour Type Journal Article
  Year 2007 Publication Behavioural Processes Abbreviated Journal Behav. Process.  
  Volume 76 Issue 1 Pages 1-13  
  Keywords Horse; Behaviour; Learning; Processes; Memory  
  Abstract Scientists and equestrians continually seek to achieve a clearer understanding of equine learning behaviour and its implications for training. Behavioural and learning processes in the horse are likely to influence not only equine athletic success but also the usefulness of the horse as a domesticated species. However given the status and commercial importance of the animal, equine learning behaviour has received only limited investigation. Indeed most experimental studies on equine cognitive function to date have addressed behaviour, learning and conceptualisation processes at a moderately basic cognitive level compared to studies in other species. It is however, likely that the horses with the greatest ability to learn and form/understand concepts are those, which are better equipped to succeed in terms of the human-horse relationship and the contemporary training environment. Within equitation generally, interpretation of the behavioural processes and training of the desired responses in the horse are normally attempted using negative reinforcement strategies. On the other hand, experimental designs to actually induce and/or measure equine learning rely almost exclusively on primary positive reinforcement regimes. Employing two such different approaches may complicate interpretation and lead to difficulties in identifying problematic or undesirable behaviours in the horse. The visual system provides the horse with direct access to immediate environmental stimuli that affect behaviour but vision in the horse is of yet not fully investigated or understood. Further investigations of the equine visual system will benefit our understanding of equine perception, cognitive function and the subsequent link with learning and training. More detailed comparative investigations of feral or free-ranging and domestic horses may provide useful evidence of attention, stress and motivational issues affecting behavioural and learning processes in the horse. The challenge for scientists is, as always, to design and commission experiments that will investigate and provide insight into these processes in a manner that withstands scientific scrutiny.  
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  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 629  
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