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Chase, I. D. (1985). The sequential analysis of aggressive acts during hierarchy formation: an application of the `jigsaw puzzle' approach. Anim. Behav., 33(1), 86–100.
Abstract: The `jigsaw puzzle' approach is a general method for investigating how interactions among individuals cumulate to form the overall patterns of dominance behaviour in groups. Here, the model is used to discover how aggressive interactions between pairs of individuals modify subsequent interactions with bystanders or third parties. The model indicates that four sequences of successive, aggressive acts are possible in component triads of larger groups: two ensure transitive attack relationships and two can lead to either transitive or intransitive relationships. An application of the model to 14 groups of four hens demonstrates that the two sequences guaranteeing transitivity make up 77% of all sequences. More specifically, hens attacking one group member usually go on to attack a second member, and hens receiving one attack frequently receive a second attack from a bystander. In contrast, an attacked hen rarely `redirects' an attack to a bystander, and a bystander rarely attacks a group member who has just attacked another individual. The application of the jigsaw puzzle approach to aggressive sequences in other species is discussed. Data available for several primate species corroborate the findings in hens and provide support for the method as a general tool for investigating the proximate mechanisms of hierarchy formation.
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Crowell-Davis, S., & Houpt, K. A. (1985). The ontogeny of flehmen in horses. Anim. Behav., 33(3), 739–745.
Abstract: Flehmen behaviour in Welsh pony (Equus caballus) mares and foals living on pasture was observed during 807 h of focal sampling. A series of flehmens performed at one site was defined as a flehmen incident. Colts exhibited flehmen incidents and performed flehmen more frequently during an incident than did fillies or mares. Filies exhibited flehmen incidents more frequently than did mares, but did not flehmen more frequently during an incident. Colts exhibited a peak frequency of performing flehmen and of flehmen incidents during weeks 1-4 with a subsequent linear decrease in frequency up to weeks 17-20. Usually, flehmen occurred without the subject having had direct contact of the nostrils, lips, or tongue with a possible stimulant. Twenty-six per cent of the flehmen incidents occurred during or after urination by another pony. Seven per cent of the incidents occurred during or after urination by the pony showing flehmen.
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Inglis, I. (1985). H.L. Roitblat, T.G. Bever and H.S. Terrace, Editors, Animal Cognition, Lawrence Erlbaum, New Jersey (1984), p. 682. Anim. Behav., 33(1), 344–345.
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Galdikas BMF. (1985). Orangutan sociality at Tanjung Puting. Am. J. Primatol., 9, 101.
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Chu, G. Z., et al. (1985). The summer habitat and population numbers of the Mongolian wild ass in the Kalamaili Mountains Wildlife Reserve, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Acta Zoologica Sinica, 31(2), 178–186.
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Shettleworth, S. J. (1985). Handling time and choice in pigeons. J Exp Anal Behav, 44(2), 139–155.
Abstract: According to optimal foraging theory, animals should prefer food items with the highest ratios of energy intake to handling time. When single items have negligible handling times, one large item should be preferred to a collection of small ones of equivalent total weight. However, when pigeons were offered such a choice on equal concurrent variable-interval schedules in a shuttlebox, they preferred the side offering many small items per reinforcement to that offering one or a few relatively large items. This preference was still evident on concurrent fixed-cumulative-duration schedules in which choosing the alternative with longer handling time substantially lowered the rate of food intake.
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EISENMANN, V. (1985). Le couagga: un zebre aux origines. La Recherche, 16, 254–256.
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Eisenmann V,. (1985). Quagga. Mammoth Trumpet, 2.
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Hoffmann R,. (1985). On the development of scial behaviour in immature males of a feral horse population. Z Säugetierk, 50, 302–314.
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Klimov Vv,. (1985). A spatial- ethological organization of the herd of Przewalski's horses in Askania – Nova. Zool J, 64, 282–295.
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