Povinelli, D. J., & Vonk, J. (2003). Chimpanzee minds: suspiciously human? Trends. Cognit. Sci., 7(4), 157–160.
Abstract: Chimpanzees undoubtedly form concepts related to the statistical regularities in behavior. But do they also construe such abstractions in terms of mental states – that is, do they possess a [`]theory of mind'? Although both anecdotal and experimental data have been marshaled to support this idea, we show that no explanatory power or economy of expression is gained by such an assumption. We suggest that additional experiments will be unhelpful as long as they continue to rely upon determining whether subjects interpret behavioral invariances in terms of mental states. We propose a paradigm shift to overcome this limitation.
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Warneken, F., & Tomasello, M. (2009). Varieties of altruism in children and chimpanzees. In Trends in cognitive sciences (Vol. 13, pp. 397–402). Elsevier Science,.
Abstract: Recent empirical research has shed new light on the perennial question of human altruism. A number of recent studies suggest that from very early in ontogeny young children have a biological predisposition to help others achieve their goals, to share resources with others and to inform others of things helpfully. Humans nearest primate relatives, such as chimpanzees, engage in some but not all of these behaviors: they help others instrumentally, but they are not so inclined to share resources altruistically and they do not inform others of things helpfully. The evolutionary roots of human altruism thus appear to be much more complex than previously supposed.
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de Waal, F. B. M., & Ferrari, P. F. (2010). Towards a bottom-up perspective on animal and human cognition. Trends Cognit. Sci., 14(5), 201–207.
Abstract: Over the last few decades, comparative cognitive research has focused on the pinnacles of mental evolution, asking all-or-nothing questions such as which animals (if any) possess a theory of mind, culture, linguistic abilities, future planning, and so on. Research programs adopting this top-down perspective have often pitted one taxon against another, resulting in sharp dividing lines. Insight into the underlying mechanisms has lagged behind. A dramatic change in focus now seems to be under way, however, with increased appreciation that the basic building blocks of cognition might be shared across a wide range of species. We argue that this bottom-up perspective, which focuses on the constituent capacities underlying larger cognitive phenomena, is more in line with both neuroscience and evolutionary biology.
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Rosati, A. G. (2017). Foraging Cognition: Reviving the Ecological Intelligence Hypothesis. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 21(9), 691–702.
Abstract: What are the origins of intelligent behavior? The demands associated with living in complex social groups have been the favored explanation for the evolution of primate cognition in general and human cognition in particular. However, recent comparative research indicates that ecological variation can also shape cognitive abilities. I synthesize the emerging evidence that ?foraging cognition? ? skills used to exploit food resources, including spatial memory, decision-making, and inhibitory control ? varies adaptively across primates. These findings provide a new framework for the evolution of human cognition, given our species? dependence on costly, high-value food resources. Understanding the origins of the human mind will require an integrative theory accounting for how humans are unique in both our sociality and our ecology.
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Giulotto, E. (2001). Will horse genetics create better champions? Trends Genet., 17, 166.
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Dugatkin, L. A., Mesterton-Gibbons, M., & Houston, A. I. (1992). Beyond the prisoner's dilemma: Toward models to discriminate among mechanisms of cooperation in nature. Trends Evol. Ecol., 7, 202–205.
Abstract: The iterated prisoner's dilemma game, or IPD, has now established itself as the orthodox paradigm for theoretical investigations of the evolution of cooperation; but its scope is restricted to reciprocity, which is only one of three categories of cooperation among unrelated individuals. Even within that category, a cooperative encounter has in general three phases, and the IPD has nothing to say about two of them. To distinguish among mechanisms of cooperation in nature, future theoretical work on the evolution of cooperation must distance itself from economics and develop games as a refinement of ethology's comparative approach.
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Van Schaik, C. P., Isler, K., & Burkart, J. M. (2012). Explaining brain size variation: from social to cultural brain. Trends Ecol Evol, 16.
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Bertram, D. S. (1971). Mosquitoes of British Honduras, with some comments on malaria, and on arbovirus antibodies in man and equines. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 65(6), 742–762.
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Huebener, E. (2005). Hilfen für Übergänge von einer Gangart in eine andere ? Die Bewegungen von Pferderumpf und -rücken als Zeitgeber für reiterliche Einwirkung. Trakehner Hefte,, 5-11.
Abstract: Übergänge von einer Gangart in eine andere sind nach Ludwig Koch jeweils nur aus einer ganz bestimmten Phase einer Bewegungsfolge (oder Bewegungsfolgen-Hälfte) der einen in eine ganz bestimmte Bewegungsfolge (oder Bewegungsfolgen-Hälfte) der anderen Gangart möglich.
Diese Phasen dauern nur Bruchteile einer Sekunde an. In diesen Momenten muß die Hilfe nach europäischer klassischer Lehre gegeben, nur in diesen Momenten kann sie vom Pferd blitzartig-automatisch umgesetzt werden. Um die Hilfe im “passenden” Moment geben zu können, braucht der Reiter einen Zeitgeber. Den einzigen verfügbaren, zuverlässigen Timer bilden die Bewegungen des Pferderückens und des Pferderumpfes.
Die Zusammenhänge zwischen den Bewegungsphasen in den Grundgangarten, dem mit frei beweglichem Beckenring allen Bewegungen des Pferderückens folgendem Sitz des Reiters, und dem Schenkel, der von Schritt zu Schritt, von Tritt zu Tritt, von Galoppsprung zu Galoppsprung an den wegschwingenden Pferderumpf fallen möchte bis er das im rechten Augenblick – vom Reiter gesteuert – dann auch darf, sind erstmals in piktogrammartigen Miniaturbild-Folgen leicht verständlich dargestellt.
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Huebener, E. (2005). Rider's Aids for Transitions Between Different Gaits ? The Movements of the Horse's Trunk and Back as Timers for the Rider's Influence. Trakehner Hefte, 5-11.
Abstract: Abstract
According to Ludwig Koch, the horse's transition from one gait to another is only possible during a particular phase in its' movement cycle (respectively in a half of it's movement cycle) in one gait to a particular phase in its' movement cycle (respectively in a half of it's movement cycle) in the other gait.
It only takes a fraction of a second for these movements to occur. It is precisely in these moments that according to the European classical riding school principles the rider has to give the appropriate aids, because only then the horse can execute them in a flash. In order to give the aids in the “fitting” moment, the rider needs a timer. The only available and reliable indicators of the right timing are the movements of the horse's trunk and back.
The connections between the different phases of the movements during the basic gaits, the rider's seat which follows all the movements of the horse's back with a freely rotating pelvis, and the rider's leg which – from step to step, from footfall to footfall, from canter beat to canter beat – wants to follow the horse's swinging trunk (until it is finally – controlled by the rider – free to do so, at the right moment), are being shown for the first time in easy to follow miniature picture sequences.
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