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Author Singh,M.; Singh,M.; Sharma, A. K.; Krishna B. A. openurl 
  Title Methodological considerations in measurement of dominance in primates Type Journal Article
  Year 2003 Publication (down) CURRENT SCIENCE Abbreviated Journal CURRENT SCIENCE  
  Volume 84 Issue 5 Pages 709-713  
  Keywords  
  Abstract The strength of dominance hierarchy in a group of

animals needs to be quantitatively measured since it

influences many other aspects of social interactions.

This article discusses three attempts made by previous

researchers to measure the strength of hierarchy. We

propose a method which attempts to rectify the lacunae

in the previous attempts. Data are used from a

group of Japanese macaques housed in a colony. A

method to calculate strength of hierarchy has been

illustrated and a procedure has been suggested to

normalize the dominance scores in order to place the

ranks of individuals on an interval scale.
 
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Biopsychology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Mysore, Mysore 570 006, India Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2860  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Sato, S.; Sako, S.; Maeda, A. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Social licking patterns in cattle (<em>Bos taurus</em>): influence of environmental and social factors Type Journal Article
  Year 1991 Publication (down) Applied Animal Behaviour Science Abbreviated Journal Applied Animal Behaviour Science  
  Volume 32 Issue 1 Pages 3-12  
  Keywords  
  Abstract To investigate the functions of social licking in cattle, four calves (one heifer and one steer in each of two herds), known to exhibit frequent social licking were observed continuously for 2 h before sunset for 13 days, using the focal animal sampling method. Calves were observed under various environmental conditions. Social licking significantly decreased on rainy days and tended to increase in a dirty barn and when food was restricted. Solicitation for social licking occurred not only from dominant animals of pairs but also from subordinates. Of the licking interactions, 31% occurred following solicitation, and these accounted for 39% of the total time spent licking. Following solicitation, 78% of social licking was oriented to the head and the neck regions that were inaccessible to self-licking animals. Unsolicited licking, however, was oriented not only to the head and the neck but also to the back and the rump regions, and these two latter regions were the major ones to receive licking. The effect of social relationships on social licking was investigated using least-squares analysis of variance. Social factors investigated were the difference of dominance values, the dominance-subordinance relationship, and kinship and familiarity; the sex of calves involved was also considered. Only familiarity had a significant effect on licking; exchanges of social licking increased with length of cohabitation. We suggest that social licking may have a cleaning effect, a tension-reducing effect and a bonding effect.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Elsevier Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0168-1591 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes doi: 10.1016/S0168-1591(05)80158-3 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 6409  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author A. Wiggins; K. Crowston doi  openurl
  Title From Conservation to Crowdsourcing: A Typology of Citizen Science Type Conference Article
  Year 2011 Publication (down) 2011 44th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences Abbreviated Journal 2011 44th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences  
  Volume Issue Pages 1-10  
  Keywords groupware; natural sciences computing; research and development; social sciences; crowdsourcing; citizen science typology; research collaboration; scientific research projects; virtual collaboration; Communities; Education; Monitoring; Collaboration; Organizations; Biological system modeling; Production  
  Abstract Citizen science is a form of research collaboration involving members of the public in scientific research projects to address real-world problems. Often organized as a virtual collaboration, these projects are a type of open movement, with collective goals addressed through open participation in research tasks. Existing typologies of citizen science projects focus primarily on the structure of participation, paying little attention to the organizational and macrostructural properties that are important to designing and managing effective projects and technologies. By examining a variety of project characteristics, we identified five types-Action, Conservation, Investigation, Virtual, and Education- that differ in primary project goals and the importance of physical environment to participation.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title 2011 44th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 1530-1605 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 6430  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author BERNITSCHKE K et al, openurl 
  Title Chromosome complement: differences between Equus caballus and Equus przewalskii, Poliakoff Type Journal Article
  Year 1965 Publication (down) Abbreviated Journal Science  
  Volume 148 Issue Pages 382  
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  Notes from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 943  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Berger J, openurl 
  Title Ecology and catastrophic mortality in wild horses: Implantations for interpreting fossil assemblages Type Journal Article
  Year 1983 Publication (down) Abbreviated Journal Science 220  
  Volume Issue Pages 1403-1404  
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  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 937  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Hildebrand M, openurl 
  Title Symmetrial gaits of horses Type Journal Article
  Year 1965 Publication (down) Abbreviated Journal Science  
  Volume 150 Issue Pages  
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  Language Summary Language Original Title  
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  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1185  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Lowenstein Jm, openurl 
  Title The cry of the quagga Type Journal Article
  Year 1985 Publication (down) Abbreviated Journal Counterpoints in Science  
  Volume Issue Pages 40-42  
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  Address  
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  Language Summary Language Original Title  
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  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1352  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author MacFadden, B.J.; Solounias, N.; Cerling, T.E. openurl 
  Title Ancient diets, ecology, and extinction of 5-million-year-Old horses from florida Type Journal Article
  Year 1999 Publication (down) Abbreviated Journal Science  
  Volume 283 Issue 5403 Pages 824-827  
  Keywords  
  Abstract Six sympatric species of 5-million-year-old (late Hemphillian) horses from Florida existed during a time of major global change and extinction in terrestrial ecosystems. Traditionally, these horses were interpreted to have fed on abrasive grasses because of their high-crowned teeth. However, carbon isotopic and tooth microwear data indicate that these horses were not all C4 grazers but also included mixed feeders and C3 browsers. The late Hemphillian Florida sister species of the modern genus Equus was principally a browser, unlike the grazing diet of modern equids. Late Hemphillian horse extinctions in Florida involved two grazing and one browsing species.  
  Address Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA. Department of Anatomy, New York College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA. Department of Geology  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 1095-9203 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes PMID:9933161 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2652  
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