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| Author |
Galef,, Bennett G. |
| Title |
Why behaviour patterns that animals learn socially are locally adaptive |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1995 |
Publication  |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
49 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
1325-1334 |
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| Abstract |
Recent models of the social transmission of behaviour by animals have repeatedly led their authors to the counterintuitive (and counterfactual) conclusion that traditional behaviour patterns in animals are often not locally adaptive. This deduction results from the assumption in such models that frequency of expression of socially learned behaviour patterns is not affected by rewards or punishments contingent upon their expression. An alternative approach to analysis of social learning processes, based on Staddon-Simmelhag's conditioning model, is proposed here. It is assumed that social interactions affect the probability of introduction of novel behaviour patterns into a naive individual's repertoire and that consequences of engaging in a socially learned behaviour determine whether that behaviour continues to be expressed. Review of several recently analysed instances of animal social learning suggests that distinguishing processes that introduce behaviour patterns into the repertoires of individuals from processes that select among behavioural alternatives aids in understanding observed differences in the longevity of various traditional behaviour patterns studied in both laboratory and field. Finally, implications of the present approach for understanding the role of social learning in evolutionary process are discussed. |
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578 |
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| Author |
Byrnl, R.W.; Tomasello, M. |
| Title |
Do rats ape? |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1995 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
50 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
1417-1420 |
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589 |
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| Author |
Heyes, C.M. |
| Title |
Imitation and flattery: a reply to Byrne & Tomasello |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1995 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
50 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
1421-1424 |
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593 |
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Fournier, F.; Festa-Bianchet, M. |
| Title |
Social dominance in adult female mountain goats |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1995 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
49 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
1449-1459 |
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The social behaviour of adult female mountain goats, Oreamnos americanus, was studied for 2 years in an unhunted population in west-central Alberta, Canada. Compared with other female ungulates, mountain goat females interacted aggressively much more frequently and their dominance ranks were less stable in time and less age-related. Goats were organized in a non-linear but non-random dominance hierarchy, with many reversals in rank. The best morphological predictor of dominance rank was horn length one year and body mass in the following year. Age was a weaker predictor of dominance status than what has been reported for other female ungulates. The ranks of individual goats changed between years and dominance rank one year was not a good predictor of rank the following year. These results suggest that linearity may only be possible when a contested resource can be defended. Dominant female goats did not forage more efficiently than subordinate goats, and dominant status did not affect the amount of time devoted to alert behaviour. |
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754 |
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| Author |
Clutton-Brock, T.H.; Parker, G.A. |
| Title |
Sexual coercion in animal societies |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1995 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
49 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
1345-1365 |
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In a wide range of animal species, males coerce females to mate with them, either by physically forcing them to mate, by harassing them until they mate or by punishing persistent refusal to mate. The first section of this paper argues that the possibility of forced copulation can generate arms races between males and females that may have substantial costs to both sexes. In the second section, it is suggested that sexual harassment commonly represents a `war of attrition' between the sexes; existing game theory models that may apply to sexual conflict over mating decisions are reviewed. The third section develops a simple prospective model for the evolution of intimidation by punishment in situations where males can raise the probability that females will accept their advances in future by punishing them for refusal to mate. Where the benefits of sexual coercion to males are high, all three male strategies may develop to a point where they have substantial costs to females. In the final section, evidence that female behaviour is adapted to minimizing these costs is reviewed. |
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757 |
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Hoglund, J.; Alatalo, R.V.; Gibson, R.M.; Lundberg, A. |
| Title |
Mate-choice copying in black grouse |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1995 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
49 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
1627-1633 |
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1817 |
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Bateson, M.; Kacelnik, A. |
| Title |
Accuracy of memory for amount in the foraging starling,Sturnus vulgaris |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1995 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
50 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
431-443 |
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Attempts to include psychological constraints in models of foraging behaviour differ in their assumptions concerning the accuracy of estimation of environmental parameters. Psychologists model estimation error as increasing linearly with the magnitude of a stimulus (Weber's Law), whereas behavioural ecologists either ignore error or assume it to be independent of stimulus magnitude. Studies on the estimation of time intervals have confirmed Weber's Law, but there are few data on the accuracy of estimation of amounts of food. Since the currency of most foraging models is the amount of food acquired per unit of time spent foraging, information on estimation of amount is required. Here, a titration method was used in which starlings chose between two cues. One colour signalled a standard food reward, and the other a reward that adjusted in magnitude according to the birds' choices: it increased when the standard was preferred and decreased when the adjusting option was preferred. There were two standards of 3 and 9 units of food, each of which was delivered at two rates to control for possible effects of rate of reinforcement on discrimination. The observed value of the adjusting option oscillated around a mean value slightly larger than that of the standard. The amplitude and period of these oscillations were larger when the standard was larger, independent of the rate of reinforcement. Also, molecular analysis showed that the probability of choosing the currently larger alternative increased as the relative difference between the adjusting option and standard increased. These results are consistent with Weber's Law applying to starlings' memories for amounts of food. |
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2110 |
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| Author |
Gallup GG; Povinelli DJ; Suarez SD; Anderson JR; Lethmate J; Menzel EW |
| Title |
Further reflections on self-recognition in primates |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1995 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
50 |
Issue |
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Pages |
1525 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2999 |
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| Author |
Heyes CM |
| Title |
Self-recognition in primates: further reflections create a hall of mirrors |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1995 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
50 |
Issue |
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Pages |
1533 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3006 |
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| Author |
Mitchell R |
| Title |
Self-recognition, methodology and explanation: a comment on Heyes (1994) |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1995 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
51 |
Issue |
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467 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3020 |
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