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Author | Ward, C.; Trisko, R.; Smuts, B.B. | ||||
Title | Third-party interventions in dyadic play between littermates of domestic dogs, Canis lupus familiaris | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2009 | Publication | Animal Behaviour. | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Behav. |
Volume | 78 | Issue | 5 | Pages | 1153-1160 |
Keywords | Canis lupus familiaris; domestic dog; littermates; play; social development; third-party interventions | ||||
Abstract | Interventions occur when animals interfere in competitive interactions between two or more individuals. Interveners can alter the nature of the ongoing interaction by targeting one party (attacking, biting) and supporting the other. Three theories have been proposed to account for intervention behaviour: kin selection, reciprocity and direct benefits. The kin selection hypothesis predicts that interveners will selectively support relatives over nonrelatives; the reciprocity hypothesis predicts that when intervener [`]A' supports individual [`]B', later [`]B' will intervene and support [`]A'; and the direct benefits hypothesis predicts that target/support patterns should serve the immediate interests of the intervener. We tested the reciprocity and direct benefits hypotheses by exploring third-party interventions in play fighting among littermates of domestic dogs. Interveners in dyadic play did not preferentially target or support preferred playmates of the intervener. Interveners targeted the dog in the losing role at the time of the intervention, and they did not show reciprocity in support. Taken together, these last two findings suggest that littermates benefit directly and use interventions opportunistically to practise offence behaviours directed at littermates already behaving subordinately. Opportunities to practise targeting in a playful setting may help structure dominance relationships among littermates. Additionally, the tendency for puppies to do what the other is doing (target the dog in the losing role) may pave the way for synchronizing cooperative behaviours during group hunting and territorial defence. The types of behaviours used to intervene changed over development, but the outcome following an intervention remained stable. | ||||
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ISSN | 0003-3472 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5090 | ||
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Author | Mitani, J.C. | ||||
Title | Male chimpanzees form enduring and equitable social bonds | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2009 | Publication | Animal Behaviour. | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Behav. |
Volume | 77 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 633-640 |
Keywords | chimpanzee; Pan troglodytes; social behaviour; social relationship | ||||
Abstract | Controversy exists regarding the nature of primate social relationships. While individual primates are frequently hypothesized to form enduring social bonds with conspecifics, recent studies suggest that relationships are labile, with animals interacting only over short periods to satisfy their immediate needs. Here I use data collected over 10 years on a community of chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes, at Ngogo, Kibale National Park, Uganda, to investigate whether male chimpanzees establish long-term social relationships and to determine the factors that affect variation in relationship quality and the stability of social bonds. Kinship and dominance rank influenced the quality of relationships. Maternal brothers and males of the same dominance rank class groomed each other more equitably than did unrelated males and males that were dissimilar in rank. In addition, males that formed strong social bonds groomed more equitably than did males that displayed weaker bonds. Social bonds were stable over time, with relationships in one year predicting those in subsequent years. Kinship and the quality of social relationships affected bond stability. Maternal half siblings and males that groomed each other equitably maintained longer-lasting bonds than did nonkin and males that groomed each other unevenly. Virtually all of the males established at least one enduring relationship with another individual. The most enduring bonds formed between a few pairs of maternal brothers and dyads that maintained balanced grooming interactions. These results indicate that male chimpanzees maintain long-lasting and equitable social bonds whose formation is affected by maternal kinship and the quality of social relationships. | ||||
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ISSN | 0003-3472 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5164 | ||
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Author | Lusseau, D.; Whitehead, H.; Gero, S. | ||||
Title | Incorporating uncertainty into the study of animal social networks | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2008 | Publication | Animal Behaviour. | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Behav. |
Volume | 75 | Issue | 5 | Pages | 1809-1815 |
Keywords | bootstrap; social behaviour; social network; social structure | ||||
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ISSN | 0003-3472 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5173 | ||
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Author | Faria, J.J.; Dyer, J.R.G.; Tosh, C.R.; Krause, J. | ||||
Title | Leadership and social information use in human crowds | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2010 | Publication | Animal Behaviour. | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Behav. |
Volume | 79 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 895-901 |
Keywords | collective animal behaviour; group; human; inadvertent social cue; information; leadership | ||||
Abstract | One of the big challenges for group-living animals is to find out who in a group has pertinent information (regarding food or predators) at any moment in time, because informed individuals may not be obviously recognizable to other group members. We found that individuals in human groups were capable of identifying those with information, and this identification increased group performance: the speed and accuracy of groups in reaching a target. Using video analysis we found how informed individuals might have been identified by other group members by means of inadvertent social cues (such as starting order, time spent following and group position). Furthermore, we were able to show that at least one of these cues, the group position of informed individuals, was indeed correlated with group performance. Our final experiment confirmed that leadership was even more efficient when the group members were given the identity of the leader. We discuss the effect of information status regarding the presence and identity of leaders on collective animal behaviour. | ||||
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ISSN | 0003-3472 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5192 | ||
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Author | Schwab, C.; Bugnyar, T.; Schloegl, C.; Kotrschal, K. | ||||
Title | Enhanced social learning between siblings in common ravens, Corvus corax | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2008 | Publication | Animal Behaviour. | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Behav. |
Volume | 75 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 501-508 |
Keywords | affiliation; cognition; common raven; Corvus corax; siblings; social learning; social relations | ||||
Abstract | It has been suggested that social dynamics affect social learning but empirical support for this idea is scarce. Here we show that affiliate relationships among kin indeed enhance the performance of common ravens, Corvus corax, in a social learning task. Via daily behavioural protocols we first monitored social dynamics in our group of captive young ravens. Siblings spent significantly more time in close proximity to each other than did nonsiblings. We subsequently tested birds on a stimulus enhancement task in model-observer dyads composed of both siblings and nonsiblings. During demonstration the observer could watch the model manipulating one particular object (target object) in an adjacent room. After removing the model, the observer was confronted with five different objects including the former target object. Observers from sibling dyads handled the target object for significantly longer periods of time as compared with the other four available objects, whereas observers from nonsibling dyads did not show a preference for the target object. Also, siblings matched the model's decision to cache or not to cache objects significantly more often than did nonsiblings. Hence, siblings were likely to attend to both, the behaviour of the model (caching or noncaching) and object-specific details. Our results support the hypothesis that affiliate relations between individuals affect the transmission of information and may lead to directed social learning even when spatial proximity has been experimentally controlled for. | ||||
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ISSN | 0003-3472 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5300 | ||
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Author | Zentall, T.R. | ||||
Title | Imitation: definitions, evidence, and mechanisms | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2006 | Publication | Animal cognition | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Cogn. |
Volume | 9 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 335-353 |
Keywords | Adaptation, Psychological; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; *Imitative Behavior; *Learning; Motivation; *Social Environment; Transfer (Psychology) | ||||
Abstract | Imitation can be defined as the copying of behavior. To a biologist, interest in imitation is focused on its adaptive value for the survival of the organism, but to a psychologist, the mechanisms responsible for imitation are the most interesting. For psychologists, the most important cases of imitation are those that involve demonstrated behavior that the imitator cannot see when it performs the behavior (e.g., scratching one's head). Such examples of imitation are sometimes referred to as opaque imitation because they are difficult to account for without positing cognitive mechanisms, such as perspective taking, that most animals have not been acknowledged to have. The present review first identifies various forms of social influence and social learning that do not qualify as opaque imitation, including species-typical mechanisms (e.g., mimicry and contagion), motivational mechanisms (e.g., social facilitation, incentive motivation, transfer of fear), attentional mechanisms (e.g., local enhancement, stimulus enhancement), imprinting, following, observational conditioning, and learning how the environment works (affordance learning). It then presents evidence for different forms of opaque imitation in animals, and identifies characteristics of human imitation that have been proposed to distinguish it from animal imitation. Finally, it examines the role played in opaque imitation by demonstrator reinforcement and observer motivation. Although accounts of imitation have been proposed that vary in their level of analysis from neural to cognitive, at present no theory of imitation appears to be adequate to account for the varied results that have been found. | ||||
Address | Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, USA. Zentall@uky.edu | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | 1435-9448 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | PMID:17024510 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 217 | ||
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Author | B. Agnetta,; B. Hare,; M. Tomasello, | ||||
Title | Cues to food location that domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) of different ages do and do not use | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2000 | Publication | Animal Cognition | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Cogn. |
Volume | 3 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 107-112 |
Keywords | Dogs – Arctic wolves – Social cognition – Gaze following – Communication | ||||
Abstract | Autoren B. Agnetta, B. Hare, M. Tomasello Zusammenfassung The results of three experiments are reported. In the main study, a human experimenter presented domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) with a variety of social cues intended to indicate the location of hidden food. The novel findings of this study were: (1) dogs were able to use successfully several totally novel cues in which they watched a human place a marker in front of the target location; (2) dogs were unable to use the marker by itself with no behavioral cues (suggesting that some form of human behavior directed to the target location was a necessary part of the cue); and (3) there were no significant developments in dogs' skills in these tasks across the age range 4 months to 4 years (arguing against the necessity of extensive learning experiences with humans). In a follow-up study, dogs did not follow human gaze into “empty space” outside of the simulated foraging context. Finally, in a small pilot study, two arctic wolves (Canis lupus) were unable to use human cues to locate hidden food. These results suggest the possibility that domestic dogs have evolved an adaptive specialization for using human-produced directional cues in a goal-directed (especially foraging) context. Exactly how they understand these cues is still an open question. Schlüsselwörter Key words Dogs – Arctic wolves – Social cognition – Gaze following – Communication |
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 598 | ||
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Author | Kitchen, D.M.; Cheney, D.L.; Seyfarth, R.M. | ||||
Title | Male chacma baboons (Papio hamadryas ursinus) discriminate loud call contests between rivals of different relative ranks | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2005 | Publication | Animal cognition | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Cogn. |
Volume | 8 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 1-6 |
Keywords | Acoustic Stimulation; Animals; *Discrimination Learning; *Hierarchy, Social; Male; Papio hamadryas/*psychology; *Social Dominance; *Vocalization, Animal | ||||
Abstract | Males in multi-male groups of chacma baboons (Papio hamadryas ursinus) in Botswana compete for positions in a linear dominance hierarchy. Previous research suggests that males treat different categories of rivals differently; competitive displays between males of similar rank are more frequent and intense than those between disparately ranked males. Here we test whether males also respond differently to male-male interactions in which they are not directly involved, using playbacks of the loud 'wahoo' calls exchanged between competing males in aggressive displays. We played paired sequences of vocal contests between two adjacently ranked and two disparately ranked males to ten subjects, half ranking below the signalers in the call sequences and half above. Subjects who ranked above the two signalers showed stronger responses than lower-ranking subjects. Higher-ranking subjects also responded more strongly to sequences involving disparately ranked, as opposed to adjacently ranked opponents, suggesting that they recognized those individuals' relative ranks. Strong responses to sequences between disparately ranked opponents might have occurred either because such contests typically involve resources of high fitness value (defense of meat, estrous females or infants vulnerable to infanticide) or because they indicate a sudden change in one contestant's condition. In contrast, subjects who ranked lower than the signalers responded equally strongly to both types of sequences. These subjects may have been able to distinguish between the two categories of opponents but did not respond differently to them because they had little to lose or gain by a rank reversal between males that already ranked higher than they did. | ||||
Address | Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. dkitchen@psych.upenn.edu | ||||
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ISSN | 1435-9448 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | PMID:15164259 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 687 | ||
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Author | Horner, V.; Whiten, A. | ||||
Title | Causal knowledge and imitation/emulation switching in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and children (Homo sapiens) | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2005 | Publication | Animal cognition | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Cogn. |
Volume | 8 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 164-181 |
Keywords | Animals; Child Behavior; Child, Preschool; *Concept Formation; Female; Humans; *Imitative Behavior; *Learning; Male; Pan troglodytes; *Problem Solving; Psychomotor Performance; *Social Environment; Species Specificity | ||||
Abstract | This study explored whether the tendency of chimpanzees and children to use emulation or imitation to solve a tool-using task was a response to the availability of causal information. Young wild-born chimpanzees from an African sanctuary and 3- to 4-year-old children observed a human demonstrator use a tool to retrieve a reward from a puzzle-box. The demonstration involved both causally relevant and irrelevant actions, and the box was presented in each of two conditions: opaque and clear. In the opaque condition, causal information about the effect of the tool inside the box was not available, and hence it was impossible to differentiate between the relevant and irrelevant parts of the demonstration. However, in the clear condition causal information was available, and subjects could potentially determine which actions were necessary. When chimpanzees were presented with the opaque box, they reproduced both the relevant and irrelevant actions, thus imitating the overall structure of the task. When the box was presented in the clear condition they instead ignored the irrelevant actions in favour of a more efficient, emulative technique. These results suggest that emulation is the favoured strategy of chimpanzees when sufficient causal information is available. However, if such information is not available, chimpanzees are prone to employ a more comprehensive copy of an observed action. In contrast to the chimpanzees, children employed imitation to solve the task in both conditions, at the expense of efficiency. We suggest that the difference in performance of chimpanzees and children may be due to a greater susceptibility of children to cultural conventions, perhaps combined with a differential focus on the results, actions and goals of the demonstrator. | ||||
Address | Centre for Social Learning and Cognitive Evolution, School of Psychology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9JU, UK. vkh1@st-andrews.ac.uk | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | 1435-9448 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | PMID:15549502 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 732 | ||
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Author | Caldwell, C.A.; Whiten, A. | ||||
Title | Testing for social learning and imitation in common marmosets, Callithrix jacchus, using an artificial fruit | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2004 | Publication | Animal cognition | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Cogn. |
Volume | 7 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 77-85 |
Keywords | Animals; *Association Learning; Callithrix/*psychology; Discrimination Learning; *Feeding Behavior; Female; Food Preferences; Fruit; *Imitative Behavior; Male; *Social Behavior; Social Environment | ||||
Abstract | We tested for social learning and imitation in common marmosets using an artificial foraging task and trained conspecific demonstrators. We trained a demonstrator marmoset to open an artificial fruit, providing a full demonstration of the task to be learned. Another marmoset provided a partial demonstration, controlling for stimulus enhancement effects, by eating food from the outside of the apparatus. We thus compared three observer groups, each consisting of four animals: those that received the full demonstration, those that received the partial demonstration, and a control group that saw no demonstration prior to testing. Although none of the observer marmosets succeeded in opening the artificial fruit during the test periods, there were clear effects of demonstration type. Those that saw the full demonstration manipulated the apparatus more overall, whereas those from the control group manipulated it the least of the three groups. Those from the full-demonstration group also contacted the particular parts of the artificial fruit that they had seen touched (localised stimulus enhancement) to a greater extent than the other two groups. There was also an interaction between the number of hand and mouth touches made to the artificial fruit for the full- and partial-demonstration groups. Whether or not these data represent evidence for imitation is discussed. We also propose that the clear differences between the groups suggest that social learning mechanisms provide real benefits to these animals in terms of developing novel food-processing skills analogous to the one presented here. | ||||
Address | Centre for Social Learning and Cognitive Evolution and Scottish Primate Research Group, University of St Andrews, KY16 9JU, St Andrews, Fife, Scotland. C.A.Caldwell@exeter.ac.uk | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | 1435-9448 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | PMID:15069606 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 735 | ||
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