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Author | Shettleworth, S.J.; Plowright, C.M. | ||||
Title | How pigeons estimate rates of prey encounter | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1992 | Publication | Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes | Abbreviated Journal | J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
Volume | 18 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 219-235 |
Keywords | Analysis of Variance; Animals; *Appetitive Behavior; Columbidae; Conditioning, Operant; Food Preferences/*psychology; Motivation; *Predatory Behavior; *Probability Learning; *Reinforcement Schedule; Social Environment | ||||
Abstract | Pigeons were trained on operant schedules simulating successive encounters with prey items. When items were encountered on variable-interval schedules, birds were more likely to accept a poor item (long delay to food) the longer they had just searched, as if they were averaging prey density over a short memory window (Experiment 1). Responding as if the immediate future would be like the immediate past was reversed when a short search predicted a long search next time (Experiment 2). Experience with different degrees of environmental predictability appeared to change the length of the memory window (Experiment 3). The results may reflect linear waiting (Higa, Wynne, & Staddon, 1991), but they differ in some respects. The findings have implications for possible mechanisms of adjusting behavior to current reinforcement conditions. | ||||
Address | Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada | ||||
Corporate Author | Thesis | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | 0097-7403 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | PMID:1619391 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 382 | ||
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Author | Shettleworth, S.J.; Juergensen, M.R. | ||||
Title | Reinforcement and the organization of behavior in golden hamsters: brain stimulation reinforcement for seven action patterns | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1980 | Publication | Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes | Abbreviated Journal | J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
Volume | 6 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 352-375 |
Keywords | Animals; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; Cricetinae; Electric Stimulation; Female; Hypothalamus/*physiology; Male; Medial Forebrain Bundle/physiology; Mesocricetus; *Reinforcement (Psychology) | ||||
Abstract | Golden hamsters were reinforced with intracranial electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus (ICS) for spending time engaging in one of seven topographically defined action patterns (APs). The stimulation used as reinforcer elicited hoarding and/or feeding and supported high rates of bar pressing. In Experiment 1, hamsters were reinforced successively for digging, open rearing, and face washing. Digging increased most in time spent, and face washing increased least. Experiments 2-5 examined these effects further and also showed that “scrabbling,” like digging, was performed a large proportion of the time, almost without interruption, for contingent ICS but that scratching the body with a hindleg and scent-marking showed relatively little effect of contingent ICS, the latter even in an environment that facilitated marking. In Experiment 6, naive hamsters received ICS not contingent on behavior every 30 sec (fixed-time 30-sec schedule). Terminal behaviors that developed on this schedule were APs that were easy to reinforce in the other experiments, but a facultative behavior, face washing, was one not so readily reinforced. Experiment 7 confirmed a novel prediction from Experiment 6--that wall rearing, a terminal AP, would be performed at a high level for contingent ICS. All together, the results point to both motivational factors and associative factors being involved in the considerable differences in performance among different reinforced activities. | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | 0097-7403 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | PMID:6968817 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 386 | ||
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Author | Shettleworth, S.J. | ||||
Title | Reinforcement and the organization of behavior in golden hamsters: Pavlovian conditioning with food and shock unconditioned stimuli | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1978 | Publication | Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes | Abbreviated Journal | J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
Volume | 4 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 152-169 |
Keywords | Acoustic Stimulation; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; *Conditioning, Classical; Conditioning, Operant; Cricetinae; *Electroshock; Female; *Food; Male; Punishment; *Reinforcement (Psychology); Reinforcement Schedule | ||||
Abstract | The effects of Pavlovian conditioned stimuli (CSs) for food or shock on a variety of behaviors of golden hamsters were observed in three experiments. The aim was to see whether previously reported differences among the behaviors produced by food reinforcement and punishment procedures could be accounted for by differential effects of Pavlovian conditioning on the behaviors. There was some correspondence between the behaviors observed to the CSs and the previously reported effects of instrumental training. However, the Pavlovian conditioned responses (CRs) alone would not have predicted the effects of instrumental training. Moreover, CRs depended to some extent on the context in which training and testing occurred. These findings, together with others in the literature, suggest that the results of Pavlovian conditioning procedures may not unambiguously predict what system of behaviors will be most readily modified by instrumental training with a given reinforcer. | ||||
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Publisher | Place of Publication | Editor | |||
Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
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ISSN | 0097-7403 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | PMID:670890 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 387 | ||
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Author | Cerutti, D.T.; Staddon, J.E.R. | ||||
Title | Immediacy versus anticipated delay in the time-left experiment: a test of the cognitive hypothesis | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2004 | Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes | Abbreviated Journal | J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
Volume | 30 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 45-57 |
Keywords | Animals; Choice Behavior/*physiology; Cognition/*physiology; Columbidae; Male; Models, Psychological; Psychological Theory; *Reinforcement (Psychology); *Reinforcement Schedule; Time Perception/*physiology | ||||
Abstract | In the time-left experiment (J. Gibbon & R. M. Church, 1981), animals are said to compare an expectation of a fixed delay to food, for one choice, with a decreasing delay expectation for the other, mentally representing both upcoming time to food and the difference between current time and upcoming time (the cognitive hypothesis). The results of 2 experiments support a simpler view: that animals choose according to the immediacies of reinforcement for each response at a time signaled by available time markers (the temporal control hypothesis). It is not necessary to assume that animals can either represent or subtract representations of times to food to explain the results of the time-left experiment. | ||||
Address | Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-1050, USA. cerutti@psych.duke.edu | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | 0097-7403 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | PMID:14709114 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2768 | ||
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Author | Boysen, S.T.; Bernston, G.G.; Hannan, M.B.; Cacioppo, J.T. | ||||
Title | Quantity-based interference and symbolic representations in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1996 | Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes | Abbreviated Journal | J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
Volume | 22 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 76-86 |
Keywords | Animals; Behavior, Animal; Cognition; *Discrimination Learning; Female; Male; *Pan troglodytes; *Reinforcement (Psychology); Task Performance and Analysis | ||||
Abstract | Five chimpanzees with training in counting and numerical skills selected between 2 arrays of different amounts of candy or 2 Arabic numerals. A reversed reinforcement contingency was in effect, in which the selected array was removed and the subject received the nonselected candies (or the number of candies represented by the nonselected Arabic numeral). Animals were unable to maximize reward by selecting the smaller array when candies were used as array elements. When Arabic numerals were substituted for the candy arrays, all animals showed an immediate shift to a more optimal response strategy of selecting the smaller numeral, thereby receiving the larger reward. Results suggest that a response disposition to the high-incentive candy stimuli introduced a powerful interference effect on performance, which was effectively overridden by the use of symbolic representations. | ||||
Address | Ohio State University, Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210-1222, USA | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | 0097-7403 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | PMID:8568498 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2781 | ||
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Author | Boysen, S.T.; Berntson, G.G. | ||||
Title | Responses to quantity: perceptual versus cognitive mechanisms in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1995 | Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes | Abbreviated Journal | J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
Volume | 21 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 82-86 |
Keywords | Animals; Behavior, Animal; Choice Behavior; Cognition/*physiology; Female; *Pan troglodytes; Perception/*physiology; Reinforcement (Psychology); Task Performance and Analysis | ||||
Abstract | Two chimpanzees were trained to select among 2 different amounts of candy (1-6 items). The task was designed so that selection of either array by the active (selector) chimpanzee resulted in that array being given to the passive (observer) animal, with the remaining (nonselected) array going to the selector. Neither animal was able to select consistently the smaller array, which would reap the larger reward. Rather, both animals preferentially selected the larger array, thereby receiving the smaller number of reinforcers. When Arabic numerals were substituted for the food arrays, however, the selector animal evidenced more optimal performance, immediately selecting the smaller numeral and thus receiving the larger reward. These findings suggest that a basic predisposition to respond to the perceptual-motivational features of incentive stimuli can interfere with task performance and that this interference can be overridden when abstract symbols serve as choice stimuli. | ||||
Address | Comparative Cognition Project, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210-1222 | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | 0097-7403 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | PMID:7844508 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2783 | ||
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Author | Zentall, T.R.; Roper, K.L.; Sherburne, L.M. | ||||
Title | Most directed forgetting in pigeons can be attributed to the absence of reinforcement on forget trials during training or to other procedural artifacts | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1995 | Publication | Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior | Abbreviated Journal | J Exp Anal Behav |
Volume | 63 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 127-137 |
Keywords | Animals; *Attention; Color Perception; Columbidae; Cues; *Discrimination Learning; *Mental Recall; Motivation; Pattern Recognition, Visual; *Reinforcement Schedule; Retention (Psychology) | ||||
Abstract | In research on directed forgetting in pigeons using delayed matching procedures, remember cues, presented in the delay interval between sample and comparisons, have been followed by comparisons (i.e., a memory test), whereas forget cues have been followed by one of a number of different sample-independent events. The source of directed forgetting in delayed matching to sample in pigeons was examined in a 2 x 2 design by independently manipulating whether or not forget-cue trials in training ended with reinforcement and whether or not forget-cue trials in training included a simultaneous discrimination (involving stimuli other than those used in the matching task). Results were consistent with the hypothesis that reinforced responding following forget cues is sufficient to eliminate performance deficits on forget-cue probe trials. Only when reinforcement was omitted on forget-cue trials in training (whether a discrimination was required or not) was there a decrement in accuracy on forget-cue probe trials. When reinforcement is present, however, the pattern of responding established during and following a forget cue in training may also play a role in the directed forgetting effect. These findings support the view that much of the evidence for directed forgetting using matching procedures may result from motivational and behavioral artifacts rather than the loss of memory. | ||||
Address | Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506 | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
ISSN | 0022-5002 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | PMID:7714447 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 256 | ||
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Author | Nevin, J.A.; Shettleworth, S.J. | ||||
Title | An analysis of contrast effects in multiple schedules | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1966 | Publication | Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior | Abbreviated Journal | J Exp Anal Behav |
Volume | 9 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 305-315 |
Keywords | Animals; Birds; *Conditioning (Psychology); Conditioning, Operant; Discrimination Learning; *Extinction, Psychological; Male; Reaction Time; *Reinforcement (Psychology) | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | 0022-5002 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | PMID:5961499 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 392 | ||
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Author | Lazareva, O.F.; Smirnova, A.A.; Bagozkaja, M.S.; Zorina, Z.A.; Rayevsky, V.V.; Wasserman, E.A. | ||||
Title | Transitive responding in hooded crows requires linearly ordered stimuli | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2004 | Publication | Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior | Abbreviated Journal | J Exp Anal Behav |
Volume | 82 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 1-19 |
Keywords | Animals; *Association; Cognition/physiology; Crows; Discrimination (Psychology); *Discrimination Learning; Feedback; Reinforcement (Psychology); Visual Perception/physiology | ||||
Abstract | Eight crows were taught to discriminate overlapping pairs of visual stimuli (A+ B-, B+ C-, C+ D-, and D+ E-). For 4 birds, the stimuli were colored cards with a circle of the same color on the reverse side whose diameter decreased from A to E (ordered feedback group). These circles were made available for comparison to potentially help the crows order the stimuli along a physical dimension. For the other 4 birds, the circles corresponding to the colored cards had the same diameter (constant feedback group). In later testing, a novel choice pair (BD) was presented. Reinforcement history involving stimuli B and D was controlled so that the reinforcement/nonreinforcement ratios for the latter would be greater than for the former. If, during the BD test, the crows chose between stimuli according to these reinforcement/nonreinforcement ratios, then they should prefer D; if they chose according to the diameter of the feedback stimuli, then they should prefer B. In the ordered feedback group, the crows strongly preferred B over D; in the constant feedback group, the crows' choice did not differ significantly from chance. These results, plus simulations using associative models, suggest that the orderability of the postchoice feedback stimuli is important for crows' transitive responding. | ||||
Address | Institute of Higher Nervous Activity, Moscow State University. olga-lazareva@uiowa.edu | ||||
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ISSN | 0022-5002 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | PMID:15484868 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 612 | ||
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Author | Farmer-Dougan, V.; Dougan, J. | ||||
Title | The Man Who Listens To Behavior: Folk Wisdom And Behavior Analysis From A Real Horse Whisperer | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1999 | Publication | JOURNAL OF THE EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF BEHAVIOR | Abbreviated Journal | J Exp Anal Behav |
Volume | 72 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 139-149 |
Keywords | positive reinforcement, aversive control, learned helplessness, language, biological constraints, | ||||
Abstract | The popular novel and movie The Horse Whisperer are based on the work of several real-life horse whisperers, the most famous of whom is Monty Roberts. Over the last 50 years, Roberts has developed a technique for training horses that is both more effective and less aversive than traditional training techniques. An analysis of Roberts` methods (as described in his book, The Man Who Listens to Horses) indicates a deep understanding of behavioral principles including positive reinforcement, timeout, species-specific defense reactions, learned helplessness, and the behavioral analysis of language. Roberts developed his theory and techniques on the basis of personal experience and folk wisdom, and not as the result of formal training in behavior analysis. Behavior analysts can clearly learn from such insightful yet behaviorally incorrect practitioners, just as such practitioners can benefit from the objective science of behavior analysts. |
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | 0022-5002 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | PMID:16812908 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 1829 | ||
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