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Author Janis, C.
Title An Evolutionary History of Browsing and Grazing Ungulates Type Book Chapter
Year 2007 Publication (up) The Ecology of Browsing and Grazing Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 21-45
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Abstract Browsing (i.e., eating woody and non-woody dicotyledonous plants) and grazing (i.e., eating grass) are distinctively different types of feeding behaviour among ungulates today. Ungulates with different diets have different morphologies (both craniodental ones and in aspects of the digestive system) and physiologies, although some of these differences are merely related to body size, as grazers are usually larger than browsers. There is also a difference in the foraging behaviour in terms of the relationship between resource abundance and intake rate, which is linear in browsers but asymptotic in grazers. The spatial distribution of the food resource is also different for the different types of herbage, browse being more patchily distributed than grass, and thus browsers and grazers are likely to have a very different perception of food resources in any given ecosystem (see Gordon 2003, for review).
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4392
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Author Schmidt, R.; Amrhein, V.; Kunc, H.P.; Naguib, M.
Title The day after: effects of vocal interactions on territory defence in nightingales Type Journal Article
Year 2007 Publication (up) The Journal of Animal Ecology Abbreviated Journal T. J. Anim. Ecol.
Volume 76 Issue 1 Pages 168-173
Keywords Aggression; Animals; Male; Songbirds/*physiology; *Territoriality; Time Factors; Vocalization, Animal/*physiology
Abstract 1. Models on territory acquisition and tenure predict that territorial animals benefit by adjusting territorial defence behaviour to previous challenges they had experienced within the socially complex environment of communication networks. 2. Here, we addressed such issues of social cognition by investigating persisting effects of vocal contests on territory defence behaviour in nightingales Luscinia megarhynchos (Brehm). 3. Using interactive playback during nocturnal song of subjects, a rival was simulated to countersing either aggressively (by song overlapping) or moderately (by song alternating) from outside the subjects' territory. Thereby, the time-specific singing strategy provided an experimentally controlled source of information on the motivation of an unfamiliar rival. 4. Expecting that nightingales integrate information with time, the same rival was simulated to return as a moderately singing intruder on the following morning. 5. The results show that the vigour with which male nightingales responded to the simulated intrusion of an opponent during the day depended on the nature of the nocturnal vocal interaction experienced several hours before. 6. Males that had received the song overlapping playback the preceding night approached the simulated intruder more quickly and closer and sang more songs near the loudspeaker than did males that had received a song alternating playback. 7. This adjustment of territory defence strategies depending on information from prior signalling experience suggests that integrating information with time plays an important part in territory defence by affecting a male's decision making in a communication network.
Address Department of Animal Behaviour, Bielefeld University, PO Box 100 131, D-33501 Bielefeld, Germany. rouven.schmidt@uni-bielefeld.de
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ISSN 0021-8790 ISBN Medium
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Notes PMID:17184365 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2749
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Author Berm&#250; dez, J.&#233
Title Thinking Without Words: An Overview for Animal Ethics Type Journal Article
Year 2007 Publication (up) The Journal of Ethics Abbreviated Journal
Volume 11 Issue Pages 319-335
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Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 3399
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Author Allen, C.; Bekoff, M.
Title Animal Minds, Cognitive Ethology, and Ethics Type Journal Article
Year 2007 Publication (up) The Journal of Ethics Abbreviated Journal
Volume 11 Issue Pages 299-317
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Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 3400
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Author Bobbert, M.F.; Alvarez, C.B.G.; van Weeren, P.R.; Roepstorff, L.; Weishaupt, M.A.
Title Validation of vertical ground reaction forces on individual limbs calculated from kinematics of horse locomotion Type Journal Article
Year 2007 Publication (up) The Journal of Experimental Biology Abbreviated Journal J Exp Biol
Volume 210 Issue Pt 11 Pages 1885-1896
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Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine whether individual limb forces could be calculated accurately from kinematics of trotting and walking horses. We collected kinematic data and measured vertical ground reaction forces on the individual limbs of seven Warmblood dressage horses, trotting at 3.4 m s(-1) and walking at 1.6 m s(-1) on a treadmill. First, using a segmental model, we calculated from kinematics the total ground reaction force vector and its moment arm relative to each of the hoofs. Second, for phases in which the body was supported by only two limbs, we calculated the individual reaction forces on these limbs. Third, we assumed that the distal limbs operated as linear springs, and determined their force-length relationships using calculated individual limb forces at trot. Finally, we calculated individual limb force-time histories from distal limb lengths. A good correspondence was obtained between calculated and measured individual limb forces. At trot, the average peak vertical reaction force on the forelimb was calculated to be 11.5+/-0.9 N kg(-1) and measured to be 11.7+/-0.9 N kg(-1), and for the hindlimb these values were 9.8+/-0.7 N kg(-1) and 10.0+/-0.6 N kg(-1), respectively. At walk, the average peak vertical reaction force on the forelimb was calculated to be 6.9+/-0.5 N kg(-1) and measured to be 7.1+/-0.3 N kg(-1), and for the hindlimb these values were 4.8+/-0.5 N kg(-1) and 4.7+/-0.3 N kg(-1), respectively. It was concluded that the proposed method of calculating individual limb reaction forces is sufficiently accurate to detect changes in loading reported in the literature for mild to moderate lameness at trot.
Address Institute for Fundamental and Clinical Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, van der Boechorstraat 9, NL-1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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ISSN 0022-0949 ISBN Medium
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Notes PMID:17515415 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 3700
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Author Hirsch, B.T.
Title Costs and benefits of within-group spatial position: a feeding competition model Type Journal Article
Year 2007 Publication (up) The Quarterly review of biology Abbreviated Journal Q Rev Biol
Volume 82 Issue 1 Pages 9-27
Keywords Animals; Competitive Behavior/*physiology; Dominance-Subordination; Feeding Behavior/*physiology/*psychology; Population Dynamics; Predatory Behavior/*physiology
Abstract An animal's within-group spatial position has several important fitness consequences. Risk of predation, time spent engaging in antipredatory behavior and feeding competition can all vary with respect to spatial position. Previous research has found evidence that feeding rates are higher at the group edge in many species, but these studies have not represented the entire breadth of dietary diversity and ecological situations faced by many animals. In particular the presence of concentrated, defendable food patches can lead to increased feeding rates by dominants in the center of the group that are able to monopolize or defend these areas. To fully understand the tradeoffs of within-group spatial position in relation to a variety of factors, it is important to be able to predict where individuals should preferably position themselves in relation to feeding rates and food competition. A qualitative model is presented here to predict how food depletion time, abundance of food patches within a group, and the presence of prior knowledge of feeding sites affect the payoffs of different within-group spatial positions for dominant and subordinate animals. In general, when feeding on small abundant food items, individuals at the front edge of the group should have higher foraging success. When feeding on slowly depleted, rare food items, dominants will often have the highest feeding rates in the center of the group. Between these two extreme points of a continuum, an individual's optimal spatial position is predicted to be influenced by an additional combination of factors, such as group size, group spread, satiation rates, and the presence of producer-scrounger tactics.
Address Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA. BTHIRSCH@IC.SUNYSB.EDU
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ISSN 0033-5770 ISBN Medium
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Notes PMID:17354992 Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 803
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Author Meschan, E.M.; Peham, C.; Schobesberger, H.; Licka, T.F.
Title The influence of the width of the saddle tree on the forces and the pressure distribution under the saddle Type Journal Article
Year 2007 Publication (up) The Veterinary Journal Abbreviated Journal
Volume 173 Issue 3 Pages 578-584
Keywords Saddle fit; Kinematics; Kinetics; Pressure; Saddletree
Abstract As there is no statistical evidence that saddle fit influences the load exerted on a horse's back this study was performed to assess the hypothesis that the width of the tree significantly alters the pressure distribution on the back beneath the saddle. Nineteen sound horses were ridden at walk and trot on a treadmill with three saddles differing only in tree width. Kinetic data were recorded by a sensor mat. A minimum of 14 motion cycles were used in each trial. The saddles were classified into four groups depending on fit. For each horse, the saddle with the lowest overall force (LOF) was determined. Saddles were classified as “too-narrow” if they were one size (2 cm) narrower than the LOF saddle, and “too-wide” if they were one size (2 cm) wider than the LOF saddle. Saddles two sizes wider than LOF saddles were classified as “very-wide”. In the group of narrow saddles, the pressure in the caudal third (walk 0.63 N/cm2 +/- 0.10; trot 1.08 N/cm2 +/- 0.26) was significantly higher compared to the LOF saddles (walk 0.50 N/cm2 +/- 0.09; trot 0.86 N/cm2 +/- 0.28). In the middle transversal third, the pressure of the wide saddles (walk 0.73 N/cm2 +/- 0.06; trot 1.52 N/cm2 +/- 0.19) and very-wide saddles (walk 0.77 N/cm2 +/- 0.06; trot 1.57 N/cm2 +/- 0.19) was significantly higher compared to LOF saddles (walk 0.65 N/cm2 +/- 0.10/ 0.63 N/cm2 +/- 0.11; trot 1.33 N/cm2 +/- 0.22/1.27 N/cm2 +/- 0.20). This study demonstrates that the load under poorly fitting saddles is distributed over a smaller area than under properly fitting saddles, leading to potentially harmful pressures peaks.
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Call Number Admin @ knut @ Serial 4349
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Author Harris, P.A.
Title How should we feed horses – and how many times a day? Type Journal Article
Year 2007 Publication (up) The Veterinary Journal Abbreviated Journal
Volume 173 Issue 2 Pages 252-253
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Call Number Admin @ knut @ Serial 4351
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Author Robinson, H.C.
Title Equine interspecies aggression Type
Year 2007 Publication (up) The Veterinary record Abbreviated Journal Vet. Rec.
Volume 160 Issue 7 Pages 244
Keywords *Aggression; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Equidae; Horses/*physiology/*psychology
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ISSN 0042-4900 ISBN Medium
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Notes PMID:17308028 Approved no
Call Number Serial 1773
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Author Boissevain, I.
Title [Animal and human rights in installments] Type
Year 2007 Publication (up) Tijdschrift Voor Diergeneeskunde Abbreviated Journal Tijdschr Diergeneeskd
Volume 132 Issue 4 Pages 132
Keywords Animals; Clinical Competence/*standards; Horse Diseases/*diagnosis; Horses; Humans; Netherlands; Time Factors; Veterinary Medicine/*methods/*standards
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Language Dutch Summary Language Original Title Dierenrechten en mensenrechten in termijnen
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
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ISSN 0040-7453 ISBN Medium
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Notes PMID:17366876 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4018
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