Records |
Author |
Shettleworth, S.J.; Sutton, J.E. |
Title |
Multiple systems for spatial learning: dead reckoning and beacon homing in rats |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2005 |
Publication ![sorted by Publication field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
Volume |
31 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
125-141 |
Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal; Cues; *Feeding Behavior; Habituation, Psychophysiologic; *Homing Behavior; *Learning; Male; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; *Space Perception |
Abstract |
Rats homed with food in a large lighted arena. Without visual cues, they used dead reckoning. When a beacon indicated the home, rats could also use the beacon. Homing did not differ in 2 groups of rats, 1 provided with the beacon and 1 without it; tests without the beacon gave no evidence that beacon learning overshadowed dead reckoning (Experiment 1). When the beacon was at the home for 1 group and in random locations for another, there was again no evidence of cue competition (Experiment 2). Dead reckoning experience did not block acquisition of beacon homing (Experiment 3). Beacon learning and dead reckoning do not compete for predictive value but acquire information in parallel and are used hierarchically. |
Address |
Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada. shettle@psych.utoronto.ca |
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0097-7403 |
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PMID:15839771 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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364 |
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Author |
Shettleworth, S.J.; Juergensen, M.R. |
Title |
Reinforcement and the organization of behavior in golden hamsters: brain stimulation reinforcement for seven action patterns |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1980 |
Publication ![sorted by Publication field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
Volume |
6 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
352-375 |
Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; Cricetinae; Electric Stimulation; Female; Hypothalamus/*physiology; Male; Medial Forebrain Bundle/physiology; Mesocricetus; *Reinforcement (Psychology) |
Abstract |
Golden hamsters were reinforced with intracranial electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus (ICS) for spending time engaging in one of seven topographically defined action patterns (APs). The stimulation used as reinforcer elicited hoarding and/or feeding and supported high rates of bar pressing. In Experiment 1, hamsters were reinforced successively for digging, open rearing, and face washing. Digging increased most in time spent, and face washing increased least. Experiments 2-5 examined these effects further and also showed that “scrabbling,” like digging, was performed a large proportion of the time, almost without interruption, for contingent ICS but that scratching the body with a hindleg and scent-marking showed relatively little effect of contingent ICS, the latter even in an environment that facilitated marking. In Experiment 6, naive hamsters received ICS not contingent on behavior every 30 sec (fixed-time 30-sec schedule). Terminal behaviors that developed on this schedule were APs that were easy to reinforce in the other experiments, but a facultative behavior, face washing, was one not so readily reinforced. Experiment 7 confirmed a novel prediction from Experiment 6--that wall rearing, a terminal AP, would be performed at a high level for contingent ICS. All together, the results point to both motivational factors and associative factors being involved in the considerable differences in performance among different reinforced activities. |
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0097-7403 |
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PMID:6968817 |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
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386 |
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Author |
Shettleworth, S.J. |
Title |
Reinforcement and the organization of behavior in golden hamsters: Pavlovian conditioning with food and shock unconditioned stimuli |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1978 |
Publication ![sorted by Publication field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
Volume |
4 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
152-169 |
Keywords |
Acoustic Stimulation; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; *Conditioning, Classical; Conditioning, Operant; Cricetinae; *Electroshock; Female; *Food; Male; Punishment; *Reinforcement (Psychology); Reinforcement Schedule |
Abstract |
The effects of Pavlovian conditioned stimuli (CSs) for food or shock on a variety of behaviors of golden hamsters were observed in three experiments. The aim was to see whether previously reported differences among the behaviors produced by food reinforcement and punishment procedures could be accounted for by differential effects of Pavlovian conditioning on the behaviors. There was some correspondence between the behaviors observed to the CSs and the previously reported effects of instrumental training. However, the Pavlovian conditioned responses (CRs) alone would not have predicted the effects of instrumental training. Moreover, CRs depended to some extent on the context in which training and testing occurred. These findings, together with others in the literature, suggest that the results of Pavlovian conditioning procedures may not unambiguously predict what system of behaviors will be most readily modified by instrumental training with a given reinforcer. |
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0097-7403 |
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PMID:670890 |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
387 |
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Author |
Washburn, D.A.; Smith, J.D.; Shields, W.E. |
Title |
Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) immediately generalize the uncertain response |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2006 |
Publication ![sorted by Publication field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
Volume |
32 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
185-189 |
Keywords |
Adaptation, Psychological; Animals; *Cognition; *Discrimination Learning; *Generalization (Psychology); Macaca mulatta/*psychology; Male; *Uncertainty |
Abstract |
Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) have learned, like humans, to use an uncertain response adaptively under test conditions that create uncertainty, suggesting a metacognitive process by which human and nonhuman primates may monitor their confidence and alter their behavior accordingly. In this study, 4 rhesus monkeys generalized their use of the uncertain response, without additional training, to 2 familiar tasks (2-choice discrimination learning and mirror-image matching to sample) that predictably and demonstrably produce uncertainty. The monkeys were significantly less likely to use the uncertain response on trials in which the answer might be known. These results indicate that monkeys, like humans, know when they do not know and that they can learn to use a symbol as a generalized means for indicating their uncertainty. |
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Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, 30303, USA. dwashhburn@gsu.edu |
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0097-7403 |
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PMID:16634662 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2760 |
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Author |
Brannon, E.M.; Cantlon, J.F.; Terrace, H.S. |
Title |
The role of reference points in ordinal numerical comparisons by rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2006 |
Publication ![sorted by Publication field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
Volume |
32 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
120-134 |
Keywords |
Animals; *Cognition; *Discrimination (Psychology); *Generalization (Psychology); Macaca mulatta/*psychology; Male; Mathematics; *Pattern Recognition, Visual |
Abstract |
Two experiments examined ordinal numerical knowledge in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Experiment 1 replicated the finding (E. M. Brannon & H. S. Terrace, 2000) that monkeys trained to respond in descending numerical order (4-->3-->2-->1) did not generalize the descending rule to the novel values 5-9 in contrast to monkeys trained to respond in ascending order. Experiment 2 examined whether the failure to generalize a descending rule was due to the direction of the training sequence or to the specific values used in the training sequence. Results implicated 3 factors that characterize a monkey's numerical comparison process: Weber's law, knowledge of ordinal direction, and a comparison of each value in a test pair with the reference point established by the first value of the training sequence. |
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Center for Cognitive Neuroscience and Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA. brannon@duke.edu |
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0097-7403 |
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PMID:16634655 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2761 |
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Beran, M.J.; Smith, J.D.; Redford, J.S.; Washburn, D.A. |
Title |
Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) monitor uncertainty during numerosity judgments |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2006 |
Publication ![sorted by Publication field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
Volume |
32 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
111-119 |
Keywords |
Animals; *Cognition; *Judgment; Macaca mulatta/*psychology; Male; Mathematics; *Pattern Recognition, Visual; *Uncertainty |
Abstract |
Two rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) judged arrays of dots on a computer screen as having more or fewer dots than a center value that was never presented in trials. After learning a center value, monkeys were given an uncertainty response that let them decline to make the numerosity judgment on that trial. Across center values (3-7), errors occurred most often for sets adjacent in numerosity to the center value. The monkeys also used the uncertainty response most frequently on these difficult trials. A 2nd experiment showed that monkeys' responses reflected numerical magnitude and not the surface-area illumination of the displays. This research shows that monkeys' uncertainty-monitoring capacity extends to the domain of numerical cognition. It also shows monkeys' use of the purest uncertainty response possible, uncontaminated by any secondary motivator. |
Address |
Language Research Center, Georgia State University, Atlanta, 30302, USA. mjberan@yahoo.com |
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0097-7403 |
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PMID:16634654 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2762 |
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Author |
Nissani, M. |
Title |
Do Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) apply causal reasoning to tool-use tasks? |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2006 |
Publication ![sorted by Publication field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
Volume |
32 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
91-96 |
Keywords |
Age Factors; Animals; Behavior, Animal; *Conditioning, Operant; *Decision Making; Discrimination (Psychology); Elephants; Female |
Abstract |
Two experiments addressed contradictory claims about causal reasoning in elephants. In Experiment 1, 4 Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) were pretrained to remove a lid from the top of a bucket and retrieve a food reward. Subsequently, in the first 5 critical trials, when the lid was placed alongside the bucket and no longer obstructed access to the reward, each elephant continued to remove the lid before retrieving the reward. Experiment 2, which involved 11 additional elephants and variations of the original design, yielded similarly counterintuitive observations. Although the results are open to alternative interpretations, they appear more consistent with associative learning than with causal reasoning. Future applications of Fabrean methodologies (J. H. Fabre, 1915) to animal cognition are proposed. |
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Departmetn of Interdisciplinary Studies, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA. moti.nissani@wayne.edu |
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0097-7403 |
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PMID:16435969 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2763 |
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Author |
Vlamings, P.H.J.M.; Uher, J.; Call, J. |
Title |
How the great apes (Pan troglodytes, Pongo pygmaeus, Pan paniscus, and Gorilla gorilla) perform on the reversed contingency task: the effects of food quantity and food visibility |
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Journal Article |
Year |
2006 |
Publication ![sorted by Publication field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
Volume |
32 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
60-70 |
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Age Factors; Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Cognition; Conditioning (Psychology); Female; *Food; Gorilla gorilla/*psychology; *Learning; Male; Pan paniscus/*psychology; Pan troglodytes/*psychology; Pongo pygmaeus/*psychology; *Visual Perception |
Abstract |
S. T. Boysen and G. G. Berntson (1995) found that chimpanzees performed poorly on a reversed contingency task in which they had to point to the smaller of 2 food quantities to acquire the larger quantity. The authors compared the performance of 4 great ape species (Pan troglodytes, Pongo pygmaeus, Pan paniscus, and Gorilla gorilla) on the reversed contingency task while manipulating food quantity (0-4 or 1-4) and food visibility (visible pairs or covered pairs). Results showed no systematic species differences but large individual differences. Some individuals of each species were able to solve the reversed contingency task. Both quantity and visibility of the food items had a significant effect on performance. Subjects performed better when the disparity between quantities was smaller and the quantities were not directly visible. |
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Department of Developmental and Comparative Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany. p.vlamings@psychology.unimaas.nl |
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0097-7403 |
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PMID:16435965 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2765 |
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Author |
Beran, M.J.; Beran, M.M.; Harris, E.H.; Washburn, D.A. |
Title |
Ordinal judgments and summation of nonvisible sets of food items by two chimpanzees and a rhesus macaque |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2005 |
Publication ![sorted by Publication field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
Volume |
31 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
351-362 |
Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal; Chi-Square Distribution; Cognition; Color Perception/physiology; Female; *Food; Judgment/*physiology; Macaca mulatta; Male; Pan troglodytes; Serial Learning/*physiology; Size Perception |
Abstract |
Two chimpanzees and a rhesus macaque rapidly learned the ordinal relations between 5 colors of containers (plastic eggs) when all containers of a given color contained a specific number of identical food items. All 3 animals also performed at high levels when comparing sets of containers with sets of visible food items. This indicates that the animals learned the approximate quantity of food items in containers of a given color. However, all animals failed in a summation task, in which a single container was compared with a set of 2 containers of a lesser individual quantity but a greater combined quantity. This difficulty was not overcome by sequential presentation of containers into opaque receptacles, but performance improved if the quantitative difference between sizes was very large. |
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Language Research Center, Georgia State University, Decatur, 30034, USA. mjberan@yahoo.com |
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PMID:16045389 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2766 |
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Beran, M.J.; Pate, J.L.; Washburn, D.A.; Rumbaugh, D.M. |
Title |
Sequential responding and planning in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) |
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Journal Article |
Year |
2004 |
Publication ![sorted by Publication field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
Volume |
30 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
203-212 |
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Animals; *Cognition; Female; Goals; Learning; Macaca mulatta/*psychology; Male; *Mathematics; Pan troglodytes/*psychology; Task Performance and Analysis |
Abstract |
Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) selected either Arabic numerals or colored squares on a computer monitor in a learned sequence. On shift trials, the locations of 2 stimuli were interchanged at some point. More errors were made when this interchange occurred for the next 2 stimuli to be selected than when the interchange was for stimuli later in the sequence. On mask trials, all remaining stimuli were occluded after the 1st selection. Performance exceeded chance levels for only 1 selection after these masks were applied. There was no difference in performance for either stimulus type (numerals or colors). The data indicated that the animals planned only the next selection during these computerized tasks as opposed to planning the entire response sequence. |
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Language Research Center, Georgia State University, Atlanta 30303, USA. mjberan@yahoo.com |
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0097-7403 |
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PMID:15279511 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2767 |
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