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Author van Niekerk, H.P. openurl 
  Title Ethological studies within the man-horse relationship Type Journal Article
  Year 1980 Publication (up) Journal of the South African Veterinary Association Abbreviated Journal J S Afr Vet Assoc  
  Volume 51 Issue 4 Pages 237-238  
  Keywords Animals; Behavior, Animal; Hearing; Horses/*physiology; Humans; Smell; Taste; Touch; Vision  
  Abstract Certain aspects of ethology and the horse's senses are discussed to bring about a better understanding between man and horse. Furthermore the behaviour of horses with respect to housing, feeding, breeding, veterinary treatment and work are considered.  
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  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
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  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 1019-9128 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes PMID:7241494 Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 1960  
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Author Broom, M. openurl 
  Title A unified model of dominance hierarchy formation and maintenance Type Journal Article
  Year 2002 Publication (up) Journal of theoretical biology Abbreviated Journal J. Theor. Biol.  
  Volume 219 Issue 1 Pages 63-72  
  Keywords Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Feeding Behavior; *Models, Psychological; *Social Dominance; Social Environment  
  Abstract In many different species it is common for animals to spend large portions of their lives in groups. Such groups need to divide available resources amongst the individuals they contain and this is often achieved by means of a dominance hierarchy. Sometimes hierarchies are stable over a long period of time and new individuals slot into pre-determined positions, but there are many situations where this is not so and a hierarchy is formed out of a group of individuals meeting for the first time. There are several different models both of the formation of such dominance hierarchies and of already existing hierarchies. These models often treat the two phases as entirely separate, whereas in reality, if there is a genuine formation phase to the hierarchy, behaviour in this phase will be governed by the rewards available, which in turn depends upon how the hierarchy operates once it has been formed. This paper describes a method of unifying models of these two distinct phases, assuming that the hierarchy formed is stable. In particular a framework is introduced which allows a variety of different models of each of the two parts to be used in conjunction with each other, thus enabling a wide range of situations to be modelled. Some examples are given to show how this works in practice.  
  Address Centre for Statistics and Stochastic Modelling, School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QH, U.K. m.broom@sussex.ac.uk  
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  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0022-5193 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes PMID:12392975 Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 439  
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Author Viscido, S.V.; Miller, M.; Wethey, D.S. openurl 
  Title The dilemma of the selfish herd: the search for a realistic movement rule Type Journal Article
  Year 2002 Publication (up) Journal of theoretical biology Abbreviated Journal J. Theor. Biol.  
  Volume 217 Issue 2 Pages 183-194  
  Keywords Animals; *Behavior, Animal; *Mass Behavior; Models, Biological; *Motor Activity; Predatory Behavior  
  Abstract The selfish herd hypothesis predicts that aggregations form because individuals move toward one another to minimize their own predation risk. The “dilemma of the selfish herd” is that movement rules that are easy for individuals to follow, fail to produce true aggregations, while rules that produce aggregations require individual behavior so complex that one may doubt most animals can follow them. If natural selection at the individual level is responsible for herding behavior, a solution to the dilemma must exist. Using computer simulations, we examined four different movement rules. Relative predation risk was different for all four movement rules (p<0.05). We defined three criteria for measuring the quality of a movement rule. A good movement rule should (a) be statistically likely to benefit an individual that follows it, (b) be something we can imagine most animals are capable of following, and (c) result in a centrally compact flock. The local crowded horizon rule, which allowed individuals to take the positions of many flock-mates into account, but decreased the influence of flock-mates with distance, best satisfied these criteria. The local crowded horizon rule was very sensitive to the animal's perceptive ability. Therefore, the animal's ability to detect its neighbors is an important factor in the dynamics of group formation.  
  Address Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA. viscido@u.washington.edu  
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  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0022-5193 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes PMID:12202112 Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 554  
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Author Viscido, S.V.; Miller, M.; Wethey, D.S. doi  openurl
  Title The response of a selfish herd to an attack from outside the group perimeter Type Journal Article
  Year 2001 Publication (up) Journal of theoretical biology Abbreviated Journal J. Theor. Biol.  
  Volume 208 Issue 3 Pages 315-328  
  Keywords Animals; *Behavior, Animal; *Computer Simulation; Models, Biological; *Movement; Predatory Behavior  
  Abstract According to the selfish herd hypothesis, animals can decrease predation risk by moving toward one another if the predator can appear anywhere and will attack the nearest target. Previous studies have shown that aggregations can form using simple movement rules designed to decrease each animal's Domain of Danger. However, if the predator attacks from outside the group's perimeter, these simple movement rules might not lead to aggregation. To test whether simple selfish movement rules would decrease predation risk for those situations when the predator attacks from outside the flock perimeter, we constructed a computer model that allowed flocks of 75 simulated fiddler crabs to react to one another, and to a predator attacking from 7 m away. We attacked simulated crab flocks with predators of different sizes and attack speeds, and computed relative predation risk after 120 time steps. Final trajectories showed flight toward the center of the flock, but curving away from the predator. Path curvature depended on the predator's size and approach speed. The average crab experienced a greater decrease in predation risk when the predator was small or slow moving. Regardless of the predator's size and speed, however, predation risk always decreased as long as crabs took their flock-mates into account. We conclude that, even when flight away from an external predator occurs, the selfish avoidance of danger can lead to aggregation.  
  Address Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, U.S.A. viscido@u.washington.edu  
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  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0022-5193 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes PMID:11207093 Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 555  
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Author Hamilton, W.D. doi  openurl
  Title Geometry for the selfish herd Type Journal Article
  Year 1971 Publication (up) Journal of theoretical biology Abbreviated Journal J. Theor. Biol.  
  Volume 31 Issue 2 Pages 295-311  
  Keywords Animals; Anura; *Behavior, Animal; Breeding; Communication; Evolution; Fear; Metallurgy; *Models, Biological; Probability; Snakes; *Spatial Behavior  
  Abstract This paper presents an antithesis to the view that gregarious behaviour is evolved through benefits to the population or species. Following Galton (1871) and Williams (1964) gregarious behaviour is considered as a form of cover-seeking in which each animal tries to reduce its chance of being caught by a predator.

It is easy to see how pruning of marginal individuals can maintain centripetal instincts in already gregarious species; some evidence that marginal pruning actually occurs is summarized. Besides this, simply defined models are used to show that even in non-gregarious species selection is likely to favour individuals who stay close to others.

Although not universal or unipotent, cover-seeking is a widespread and important element in animal aggregation, as the literature shows. Neglect of the idea has probably followed from a general disbelief that evolution can be dysgenic for a species. Nevertheless, selection theory provides no support for such disbelief in the case of species with outbreeding or unsubdivided populations.

The model for two dimensions involves a complex problem in geometrical probability which has relevance also in metallurgy and communication science. Some empirical data on this, gathered from random number plots, is presented as of possible heuristic value.
 
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  ISSN 0022-5193 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes PMID:5104951 Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 771  
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Author Seyfarth, R.M. url  doi
openurl 
  Title A model of social grooming among adult female monkeys Type Journal Article
  Year 1977 Publication (up) Journal of Theoretical Biology Abbreviated Journal J. Theor. Biol.  
  Volume 65 Issue 4 Pages 671-698  
  Keywords Animals; Behavior, Animal; Female; *Grooming; Haplorhini/*physiology; *Models, Biological; Reproduction; Social Dominance; Time Factors  
  Abstract Grooming networks among adult female monkeys exhibit two similar features across a number of different species. High-ranking animals receive more grooming than others, and the majority of grooming occurs between females of adjacent rank. A theoretical model which duplicates these features is presented, and the properties of the model are used to explain the possible causation and function of female grooming behaviour. The model illustrates how relatively simple principles governing the behaviour of individuals may be used to explain more complex aspects of the social structure of non-human primate groups.  
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  ISSN 0022-5193 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes PMID:406485 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5259  
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Author Rietmann, T.R.; Stauffacher, M.; Bernasconi, P.; Auer, J.A.; Weishaupt, M.A. doi  openurl
  Title The association between heart rate, heart rate variability, endocrine and behavioural pain measures in horses suffering from laminitis Type Journal Article
  Year 2004 Publication (up) Journal of Veterinary Medicine. A, Physiology, Pathology, Clinical Medicine Abbreviated Journal J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med  
  Volume 51 Issue 5 Pages 218-225  
  Keywords Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/administration & dosage; Autonomic Nervous System; Behavior, Animal; Electrophysiology/*methods; Endocrine System; Female; Heart Rate; Horse Diseases/blood/drug therapy/*physiopathology; Horses; Joint Diseases/physiopathology/*veterinary; Male; Pain/physiopathology/*veterinary; Pain Measurement/*veterinary; Predictive Value of Tests  
  Abstract The objective of this study was to compare the stress response of horses suffering from laminitis after short- and long-term treatment with the intent to evaluate power spectral analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) for pain monitoring. Data were collected from 19 horses with acute or chronic exacerbating laminitis without known primary disease before and after treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID). Recordings were carried out the day after admission to the equine hospital. Measurements were repeated on day 7 of the treatment. The recorded parameters included a clinical orthopaedic index (OLPI: Obel-grade plus hoof tester score), frequency of weight-shifting between contralateral limbs, mean beat-to-beat interval (R-R) duration, standard deviation of continuous R-R intervals, low- (LF) and high-frequency (HF) components of HRV, sympatho-vagal balance (LF/HF), and plasma concentration of cortisol, adrenalin and noradrenalin. The LF represents mainly sympathetic influences on the heart whereas HF is mediated by the parasympathetic tone. Weight-shifting and OLPI decreased significantly with treatment. The LF normalized units (n.u.) decreased after NSAID from 60.41 +/- 21.42 to 51.12 +/- 19.81 and was 49.33 +/- 22.64 on day 7, whereas HF n.u. increased from 35.07 +/- 20.02 to 43.14 +/- 18.30 and was 45.98 +/- 23.00 on day 7. Hormone levels showed no tendency to change with treatment. The OLPI was only correlated with LF/HF, LF and HF (R = 0.57, 0.55 and -0.54 respectively). Significant negative correlations existed between HFn.u. and weight-shifting frequency (R = -0.37), HFn.u. and adrenalin (R = -0.47), and HFn.u. and noradrenalin (R = 0.33). The LFn.u. only correlated positively with adrenalin. Cortisol levels were poorly associated with the other parameters. Determination of the sympatho-vagal influences on cardiac function may offer complementary information for reliable assessment of pain and may represent a valuable alternative method to catecholamine measurements.  
  Address Equine Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland  
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  ISSN 0931-184X ISBN Medium  
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  Notes PMID:15315700 Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1899  
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Author Tobin, T.; Combie, J.D. openurl 
  Title Performance testing in horses: a review of the role of simple behavioral models in the design of performance experiments Type Journal Article
  Year 1982 Publication (up) Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics Abbreviated Journal J Vet Pharmacol Ther  
  Volume 5 Issue 2 Pages 105-118  
  Keywords Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacology; Animals; Apomorphine/pharmacology; Behavior, Animal/*drug effects; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Fentanyl/pharmacology; Horses/*physiology; Methylphenidate/pharmacology; *Models, Biological; Motor Activity/drug effects  
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  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
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  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0140-7783 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes PMID:6125601 Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 1957  
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Author Zehnder, A.M.; Ramer, J.C.; Proudfoot, J.S. openurl 
  Title The use of altrenogest to control aggression in a male Grant's Zebra (Equus burchelli boehmi) Type Journal Article
  Year 2006 Publication (up) Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine : official publication of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians Abbreviated Journal J Zoo Wildl Med  
  Volume 37 Issue 1 Pages 61-63  
  Keywords Aggression/*drug effects; Animals; Animals, Zoo; Behavior, Animal/*drug effects; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Equidae/*physiology; Female; Horses; Male; Treatment Outcome; Trenbolone/*analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use  
  Abstract A male Grant's Zebra (Equus burchelli boehmi) housed with two mares at the Indianapolis Zoo had a 9-yr history of intermittent aggressive behavior toward mares and other animals. Periods of separation allowed the mares time to heal after sustaining superficial bite wounds. On 26 March 2003, the male (890293) was started on altrenogest at a dosage of 19.8 mg orally once daily to allow reintroduction. The dosage was doubled (40 mg once a day) because of a perceived lack of response. Reintroduction to the mares occurred on 17 May 2003 with no signs of aggression noted. Treatment was reduced to 19.8 mg orally once a day and then discontinued. Altrenogest was restarted at 39.5 mg orally once a day because of the planned introduction of a new mare. There have been no major aggressive displays at this dosage of altrenogest and the dosage has recently been reduced following successful introduction of a new mare.  
  Address University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Street, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA  
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  ISSN 1042-7260 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes PMID:17312816 Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1772  
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Author Whiten, A.; Horner, V.; Litchfield, C.A.; Marshall-Pescini, S. url  doi
openurl 
  Title How do apes ape? Type Journal Article
  Year 2004 Publication (up) Learning & Behavior Abbreviated Journal Learn. Behav.  
  Volume 32 Issue 1 Pages 36-52  
  Keywords Adaptation, Psychological; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Hominidae/*psychology; *Imitative Behavior; Imprinting (Psychology); *Learning; Psychological Theory; *Social Environment; *Social Facilitation  
  Abstract In the wake of telling critiques of the foundations on which earlier conclusions were based, the last 15 years have witnessed a renaissance in the study of social learning in apes. As a result, we are able to review 31 experimental studies from this period in which social learning in chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans has been investigated. The principal question framed at the beginning of this era, Do apes ape? has been answered in the affirmative, at least in certain conditions. The more interesting question now is, thus, How do apes ape? Answering this question has engendered richer taxonomies of the range of social-learning processes at work and new methodologies to uncover them. Together, these studies suggest that apes ape by employing a portfolio of alternative social-learning processes in flexibly adaptive ways, in conjunction with nonsocial learning. We conclude by sketching the kind of decision tree that appears to underlie the deployment of these alternatives.  
  Address Centre for Social Learning and Cognitive Evolution, Scottish Primate Research Group, School of Psychology, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, Scotland. a.whiten@st-and.ac.uk  
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  ISSN 1543-4494 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes PMID:15161139 Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 734  
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