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Author |
Zentall, T.R.; Sherburne, L.M. |
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Title |
Transfer of value from S+ to S- in a simultaneous discrimination |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
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Volume |
20 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
176-183 |
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Animals; *Appetitive Behavior; Attention; Color Perception; Columbidae; *Discrimination Learning; Female; Male; Motivation; Orientation; Pattern Recognition, Visual; *Problem Solving; *Reinforcement Schedule; *Transfer (Psychology) |
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Abstract |
Value transfer theory has been proposed to account for transitive inference effects (L. V. Fersen, C. D. L. Wynne, J. D. Delius, & J. E. R. Staddon, 1991), in which following training on 4 simultaneous discriminations (A+B-, B+C-, C+D-, D+E-) pigeons show a preference for B over D. According to this theory, some of the value of reinforcement acquired by each S+ transfers to the S-. In the transitive inference experiment, C (associated with both reward and nonreward) can transfer less value to D than A (associated only with reward) can transfer to B. Support for value transfer theory was demonstrated in 2 experiments in which an S- presented in the context of a stimulus to which responses were always reinforced (S+) was preferred over an S- presented in the context of a stimulus to which responses were sometimes reinforced (S +/-). |
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Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506 |
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0097-7403 |
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PMID:8189186 |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
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258 |
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Winter horse care |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1994 |
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Journal of Equine Veterinary Science |
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Volume |
14 |
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2 |
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115-117 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4664 |
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Author |
Bauer, I. E.; McMorrow, J. Yalden,; D. W. |
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Title |
The Historic Ranges of Three Equid Species in North-East Africa: A Quantitative Comparison of Environmental Tolerances |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Journal of Biogeography |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Biogeogr |
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Volume |
21 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
169-182 |
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Abstract |
The historic ranges of three equid species native to north-east Africa are analysed with respect to annual rainfall, several temperature parameters and a satellite-derived multispectral index of primary productivity. Equus africanus Fitzinger, Equus grevyi Oustalet and Equus burchelli Gray used to largely replace each other, geographically, with narrow zones of range overlap occurring between E. africanus and E. grevyi in the Awash valley, and between E. grevyi and E. burchelli in southern Ethiopia and northern Kenya. The three species are shown to succeed each other along an environmental gradient. The position of each species on this gradient and the resulting location and extent of its range are discussed. Competitive exclusion, specific adaptations and historic events are likely determinants of equid distribution. In the area of sympatry between E. grevyi and E. burchelli, mixed habitat characters as well as environmental fluctuations seem to prevent either species from excluding the other. Different social organizations of E. grevyi and E. burchelli and the resulting migratory patterns may be adaptations to the environment in their allopatric ranges; in their sympatric range they could alleviate competition. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2222 |
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Author |
Minton, J.E. |
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Function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system in models of acute stress in domestic farm animals |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Journal of Animal Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Anim Sci. |
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72 |
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7 |
Pages |
1891-1898 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2942 |
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Walter, G.; Reisner, A. |
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Title |
Student opinion formation on animal agriculture issues |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Journal of Animal Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Anim Sci. |
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72 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
1654-1658 |
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Abstract |
N1 - |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2935 |
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Author |
Gonyou, H.W. |
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Title |
Why the study of animal behavior is associated with the animal welfare issue |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Journal of Animal Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Anim Sci. |
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Volume |
72 |
Issue |
8 |
Pages |
2171-2177 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2931 |
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Author |
Sappington, B.F.; Goldman, L. |
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Title |
Discrimination learning and concept formation in the Arabian horse |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Journal of Animal Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Anim Sci. |
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72 |
Issue |
12 |
Pages |
3080-3087 |
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Abstract |
Discrimination learning and concept formation abilities were investigated in four mature Arabian horses. A series of two-choice discrimination problems were presented on stimulus panels that could open to allow access to food bowls. Selection of the correct stimulus resulted in food reinforcement, and an incorrect choice was not rewarded. The positions of the correct and incorrect stimuli were varied randomly during each test session, and the criterion for learning each problem was 85% correct for two consecutive sessions of 30 or 40 trials. Testing progressed through six discrimination problems. The first four were simple pattern discriminations, but the last two incorporated several different triangles as correct stimuli and thus involved the concept of triangularity. Two of the subjects successfully completed only simple pattern discriminations, one showed evidence of learning in the first concept problem, and one completed all six tests, including the two concept formation problems. The results demonstrate complex pattern discrimination ability in horses, and suggest that they may also have the ability to form and use concepts in problem solving. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3569 |
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Author |
Stevens,J.A. |
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Title |
Zebras in Turmoil |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1994 |
Publication |
International Wildlife |
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Int Wildl |
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24 |
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4-12 |
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0020-9112 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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yes |
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1633 |
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Author |
Vlajkoviç, S.; Nikoliç, V.; Nikoliç, A.; Milanoviç, S.žA.; Jankoviç, B.D. |
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Title |
Asymmetrical Modulation of Immune Reactivity in Left- and Right-Biased Rats After Ipsilateral Ablation of the Prefrontal, Parietal and Occipital Brain Neocortex |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Int J Neurosci |
Abbreviated Journal |
International Journal of Neuroscience |
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78 |
Issue |
1-2 |
Pages |
123-134 |
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Brain asymmetry, brain neocortex, cortical ablation, rotational behavior, rotational bias, immune responses, neuroimmunomodulation, neuroimmunology |
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We report here on the lateralized brain immunomodulation in male Wistar rats, a phenomenon related to the rotational bias of animal and the site of cortical lesion. Rats assigned to left- and right-rotators in a cylindrical Plexiglass rotometer were subjected to the ablation of the ipsilateral prefrontal cortex (PFC), parietal cortex (PC) and occipital cortex (OC) and sensitized with bovine serum albumin (BSA) in complete Freund's adjuvant. Intact and sham-lesioned left-biased animals demonstrated increased Arthus and delayed hypersensitivity skin reactions and antibody production to BSA in comparison with corresponding right-biased animals. PFC ablation decreased humoral and cellular immune responses to BSA in left- but increased in right-biased rats. Lesioning of PC decreased humoral immune reactions in left- but increased in right-rotating animals. OC ablation failed to produce immunological abnormalities, These results suggest that immunopotentiation is associated with the left neocortex, and immunosuppression with the right neocortex. The prefrontal cortex appears to be particularly associated with immune reactions. |
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Informa Clin Med |
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0020-7454 |
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doi: 10.3109/00207459408986051 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5777 |
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Author |
Judge, P.G.; de Waal, F.B. |
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Intergroup grooming relations between alpha females in a population of free-ranging rhesus macaques |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Folia primatologica; international journal of primatology |
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Folia Primatol (Basel) |
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Volume |
63 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
63-70 |
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Animals; Animals, Wild; Female; *Grooming; Macaca mulatta/*psychology; Male; Population Density; *Social Behavior |
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Intergroup affiliation among female rhesus macaques, Macaca mulatta, was examined in the captive free-ranging colony of Morgan Island, S.C., USA. The provisioned colony has many social groups (35) and is maintained at a relatively high population density (21 animals/ha) with a relatively low adult male to female ratio (1:8.8). Focal and ad libitum samples were collected on 32 adults (3 males and 29 females) from two groups. Although infrequent, grooming was observed between adult females from different groups, and alpha females were the main participants in these interactions. Colony records indicated that none of the intergroup grooms was between females formerly from a common group. Relations between familiar neighboring groups may be maintained by a combination of both affiliative and aggressive behavior. |
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Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, Lawrenceville, Ga 30243 |
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0015-5713 |
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PMID:7813977 |
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refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
208 |
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