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	Author	Turner, J.W.J.; Kirkpatrick, J.F.
	Title	Androgens, behaviour and fertility control in feral stallions			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1982	Publication	Journal of reproduction and fertility. Supplement	Abbreviated Journal	J Reprod Fertil Suppl
	Volume	32	Issue		Pages	79-87
	Keywords	Animals; Animals, Wild; Copulation/drug effects; Female; Fertility/drug effects; Horses/physiology; Male; Periodicity; Pregnancy; Seasons; Sexual Behavior, Animal/drug effects; Sexual Maturation; Sperm Count; Sperm Motility/drug effects; Testosterone/blood/pharmacology
	Abstract	This field study of feral stallions in Montana and Idaho examines and correlates the seasonal pattern of plasma androgens and specific sociosexual behaviour and reports the effect of a long-acting androgenic steroid on this behaviour and on fertility. Plasma testosterone was measured by competitive protein binding assay in samples obtained by jugular venepuncture from captured animals. In samples taken from 34 sexually mature stallions in 6 different months during the year, a definite seasonal pattern in testosterone was present, with a peak in May (3.04 +/- 0.63 ng/ml) and a nadir in December (1.55 +/- 0.34 ng/ml). Values were less than 2.0 ng/ml in non-breeding months and greater than 2.4 ng/ml in breeding months. Behavioural endpoints measured were (1) stallion scent marking in response to elimination by mares (elimination marking), (2) mounting and (3) copulation. The frequencies of each of these endpoints followed closely the seasonal pattern seen for plasma androgens. In the fertility study microcapsulated testosterone propionate (microTP) was administered i.m. to 10 harem stud stallions 3 months before the 1980 breeding season. In these stallions and in 10 control harem studs, the above behavioural endpoints were examined in the 1980 and 1981 breeding seasons, and foal counts were made in 1981. There were no direct inhibitory or stimulatory effects of microTP treatment on any of the behavioural endpoints in either year. In 1981 foals were produced in 87.5% of the control bands and 28.4% of the microTP-treated bands. These results indicate that microencapsulated testosterone propionate can provide effective fertility control in feral horses without causing significant alterations in sociosexual behaviour.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0449-3087	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:6962905			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	138
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	Author	Klingel, H.
	Title	Social organization and reproduction in equids			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1975	Publication	Journal of Reproduction and Fertility. Supplement	Abbreviated Journal	J Reprod Fertil Suppl
	Volume		Issue	23	Pages	7-11
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Female; Male; Perissodactyla/physiology; Reproduction; Sexual Behavior, Animal; Social Behavior; Territoriality
	Abstract	There are two distinct types of social organization and, accordingly, two types of mating systems in equids. In the horse, Plains zebra and Mountain zebra, the adults live in non-territorial and cohesive one-male groups and in stallion groups. The family stallions have exclusive mating rights which are respected by all others. In Grevy's zebra and in the African and Asiatic wild asses, the stallions are permanently territorial and have exclusive mating rights within their territories. Ecological and evolutionary aspects are discussed.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0449-3087	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:1060868			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2303
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	Author	Klingel, H.
	Title	Social organization of feral horses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1982	Publication	Journal of Reproduction and Fertility. Supplement	Abbreviated Journal	J Reprod Fertil Suppl
	Volume	32	Issue		Pages	89-95
	Keywords	Animals; Animals, Wild; Female; Horses/physiology; Male; Sexual Behavior, Animal; Social Behavior; Territoriality
	Abstract	The basic social unit in feral horses is the family group consisting of one stallion, one to a few unrelated mares and their foals. Surplus stallions associate in bachelor groups. Stallions are instrumental in bringing mares together in a unit which then persists even without a stallion. The similarity of social organization in populations living in a variety of different habitats indicates that feral horses have reverted to the habits of their wild ancestors, and that domestication has had no influence on this basic behavioural feature.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0449-3087	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:6962906			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	1958
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	Author	Feist, J.D.; McCullough, D.R.
	Title	Reproduction in feral horses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1975	Publication	Journal of Reproduction and Fertility. Supplement	Abbreviated Journal	J Reprod Fertil Suppl
	Volume		Issue	23	Pages	13-18
	Keywords	Age Factors; Animals; Female; Horses/physiology; Leadership; Male; Maternal Behavior; Population; Reproduction; Sexual Behavior, Animal; Social Dominance; Sucking Behavior
	Abstract	A behavioural study of feral horses was conducted on the Pryor Mountain Wild Horse Range in the western United States. All 270 horses on the Range were identified individually. The sex ratio was nearly balanced. Foal to adult female ratio was 43-2:100. Morality was concentrated among foals and old horses. Horses were organized as forty-four harem groups each with a dominant stallion, one to two immature stallions, one to three immature mares, one to three adult mares and their yearling and foal offspring, and 23 bachelor groups of one to eight stallions. Harem groups were quite stable year-round because of dominance and leadership by the stallions and group fidelity by mares and their offsring. Most changes occurred during the breeding season and involved immature females. Defeat of dominant stallions was infrequent. Immature males were tolerated because of their submissive behaviour. Bachelor stallion groups were inherently unstable. Mares came into heat after foaling in May/June, and were mated by harem stallions only.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0449-3087	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:1060766			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	1964
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	Author	de Waal, F.B.M.
	Title	A century of getting to know the chimpanzee			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Nature	Abbreviated Journal	Nature
	Volume	437	Issue	7055	Pages	56-59
	Keywords	Aggression; Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Competitive Behavior; Cooperative Behavior; Female; Humans; Male; Pan troglodytes/genetics/physiology/psychology; Sexual Behavior, Animal; *Social Behavior
	Abstract	A century of research on chimpanzees, both in their natural habitat and in captivity, has brought these apes socially, emotionally and mentally much closer to us. Parallels and homologues between chimpanzee and human behaviour range from tool-technology and cultural learning to power politics and intercommunity warfare. Few behavioural domains have remained untouched by this increased knowledge, which has dramatically challenged the way we view ourselves. The sequencing of the chimpanzee genome will no doubt bring more surprises and insights. Humans do occupy a special place among the primates, but this place increasingly has to be defined against a backdrop of substantial similarity.
	Address	Living Links, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 North Gatewood Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA. dewaal@emory.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1476-4687	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16136128			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	162
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	Author	Berger, J.
	Title	Induced abortion and social factors in wild horses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1983	Publication	Nature	Abbreviated Journal	Nature
	Volume	303	Issue	5912	Pages	59-61
	Keywords	Abortion, Induced/veterinary; Abortion, Veterinary/etiology; Aggression/physiology; Animals; Evolution; Female; Horses/physiology; Humans; Pregnancy; Sexual Behavior, Animal/physiology
	Abstract	Much evidence now suggests that the postnatal killing of young in primates and carnivores, and induced abortions in some rodents, are evolved traits exerting strong selective pressures on adult male and female behaviour. Among ungulates it is perplexing that either no species have developed convergent tactics or that these behaviours are not reported, especially as ungulates have social systems similar to those of members of the above groups. Only in captive horses (Equus caballus) has infant killing been reported. It has been estimated that 40,000 wild horses live in remote areas of the Great Basin Desert of North America (US Department of Interior (Bureau of Land Management), unpublished report), where they occur in harems (females and young) defended by males. Here I present evidence that, rather than killing infants directly, invading males induce abortions in females unprotected by their resident stallions and these females are then inseminated by the new males.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0028-0836	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:6682487			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4365
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	Author	Stahlbaum, C.C.; Houpt, K.A.
	Title	The role of the Flehmen response in the behavioral repertoire of the stallion			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1989	Publication	Physiology & behavior	Abbreviated Journal	Physiol. Behav.
	Volume	45	Issue	6	Pages	1207-1214
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Circadian Rhythm; Discrimination (Psychology)/physiology; Estrus; Feces; Female; Horses/physiology; Male; Sexual Behavior, Animal/physiology; Smell/physiology; Taste/physiology; Urine
	Abstract	The role of the Flehmen response in equine behavior was investigated under field and laboratory conditions. In Experiment 1, a field study made of five stallions on pasture with between three and eighteen mares each during the season indicated the following: 1) The Flehmen response was most frequently preceded by nasal, rather than oral, investigation of substances; 2) The stallions' rate of Flehmen varied with the estrous cycles of the mares; 3) The rate of Flehmen response did not show a variation with time of day; and 4) The Flehmen response was most frequently followed by marking behaviors rather than courtship behaviors. The results suggest that the Flehmen response is not an immediate component of sexual behavior, e.g., courtship of the stallion but may be involved in the overall monitoring of the mare's estrous cycle. Therefore the Flehmen response may contribute to the chemosensory priming of the stallion for reproduction. In Experiment 2 stallions were presented with urine or feces of mares in various stages of the reproductive cycle as well as with their own or other males' urine or feces. The occurrence of sniffing and Flehmen was used to determine the discriminatory ability of the stallions. Stallions can differentiate the sex of a horse on the basis of its feces alone, but cannot differentiate on the basis of urine. This ability may explain the function of fecal marking behavior of stallions.
	Address	New York State College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca 14853
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0031-9384	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:2813545			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	44
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	Author	McComb, K.; Clutton-Brock, T.
	Title	Is mate choice copying or aggregation responsible for skewed distributions of females on leks?			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1994	Publication	Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society	Abbreviated Journal	Proc Biol Sci
	Volume	255	Issue	1342	Pages	13-19
	Keywords	Animals; Deer/physiology; Estrus/physiology; Female; Male; Phenotype; Sexual Behavior, Animal/physiology; Territoriality
	Abstract	In several lek-breeding populations of birds and mammals, females arriving on leks tend to join males that already have females in their territories. This might occur either because females have an evolved preference for mating with males that are attractive to other females, or because they join groups of other females to obtain greater safety from predation or dangerous harassment by males. We have previously used controlled experiments to show that oestrous fallow deer females join males with established harems because they are attracted to female groups rather than to the males themselves. Here we demonstrate that the preference for males with females over males without females is specific to oestrous females and weak or absent in anoestrous ones, and that it is not associated with a preference for mating with males that have previously been seen to mate with other females. Furthermore, oestrous females given the choice between males that do not already have females with them show no significant preference for antlered over deantlered males or for older males over younger ones. We conclude that female attraction to other females on the lek is likely to be an adaptation to avoiding harassment in mixed-sex herds. In this situation, a male's ability to maintain the cohesion of his harem may be the principal cause of variation in mating success between males.
	Address	Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, U.K
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0962-8452	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:8153135			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1823
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	Author	Dugatkin, L.A.; Godin, J.G.
	Title	*Reversal of female mate choice by copying in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata)*			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1992	Publication	Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society	Abbreviated Journal	Proc Biol Sci
	Volume	249	Issue	1325	Pages	179-184
	Keywords	Acclimatization; Animals; Choice Behavior; Female; Male; Poecilia; Sexual Behavior, Animal
	Abstract	Ever since Fisher (1958) formalized models of sexual selection, female mate choice has been assumed to be a genetically determined trait. Females, however, may also use social cues to select mates. One such cue might be the mate choice of conspecifics. Here we report the first direct evidence that a female's preference for a particular male can in fact be reversed by social cues. In our experiments using the Trinidadian guppy (Poecilia reticulata), this reversal was mediated by mate-copying opportunities, such that a female (the 'focal' female) is given the opportunity to choose between two males, followed by a period in which she observes a second female (the 'model' female) displaying a preference for the male she herself did not prefer initially. When allowed to choose between the same males a second time, compared with control tests, a significant proportion of focal females reversed their mate choice and copied the preference of the model female. These results provide strong evidence for the role of non-genetic factors in sexual selection and underlie the need for new models of sexual selection that explicitly incorporate both genetic and cultural aspects of mate choice.
	Address	Department of Biology, Mount Allison University, Sackville, New Brunswick, Canada
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0962-8452	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:1360679			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1824
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	Author	Gil, M.; Bhatt, R.; Picotte, K.B.; Hull, E.M.
	Title	Sexual experience increases oxytocin receptor gene expression and protein in the medial preoptic area of the male rat			Type	Abstract
	Year	2013	Publication	Psychoneuroendocrinology	Abbreviated Journal	Psychoneuroendocrinology
	Volume	38	Issue	9	Pages	1688-1697
	Keywords	Oxytocin; Oxytocin receptor; Sexual behavior; Sexual experience; Medial preoptic area; Hypothalamus; Rats
	Abstract	Oxytocin (OT) promotes social and reproductive behaviors in mammals, and OT deficits may be linked to disordered social behaviors like autism and severe anxiety. Male rat sexual behavior is an excellent model for OT regulation of behavior, as its pattern and neural substrates are well characterized. We previously reported that OT microinjected into the medial preoptic area (MPOA), a major integrative site for male sexual behavior, facilitates copulation in sexually experienced male rats, whereas intra-MPOA injection of an OT antagonist (OTA) inhibits copulation. In the present studies, copulation on the day of sacrifice stimulated OTR mRNA expression in the MPOA, irrespective of previous sexual experience, with the highest levels observed in first-time copulators. In addition, sexually experienced males had higher levels of OTR protein in the MPOA than sexually naïve males and first-time copulators. Finally, intra-MPOA injection of OT facilitated mating in sexually naive males. Others have reported a positive correlation between OT mRNA levels and male sexual behavior. Our studies show that OT in the MPOA facilitates mating in both sexually naive and experienced males, some of the behavioral effects of OT are mediated by the OTR, and sexual experience is associated with increased OTR expression in the MPOA. Taken together, these data suggest a reciprocal interaction between central OT and behavior, in which OT facilitates copulation and copulation stimulates the OT/OTR system in the brain.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Pergamon Press.	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0306-4530	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @ S0306-4530(13)00040-1			Serial	5724
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