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| Author | Neuringer, A. | ||||
| Title | Reinforced variability in animals and people: implications for adaptive action | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication  |
The American Psychologist | Abbreviated Journal | Am Psychol |
| Volume | 59 | Issue | 9 | Pages | 891-906 |
| Keywords | Animals; Behavior, Animal; *Choice Behavior; Conditioning, Operant; Creativeness; Discrimination (Psychology); Humans; Memory; Problem Solving; *Reinforcement (Psychology) | ||||
| Abstract | Although reinforcement often leads to repetitive, even stereotyped responding, that is not a necessary outcome. When it depends on variations, reinforcement results in responding that is diverse, novel, indeed unpredictable, with distributions sometimes approaching those of a random process. This article reviews evidence for the powerful and precise control by reinforcement over behavioral variability, evidence obtained from human and animal-model studies, and implications of such control. For example, reinforcement of variability facilitates learning of complex new responses, aids problem solving, and may contribute to creativity. Depression and autism are characterized by abnormally repetitive behaviors, but individuals afflicted with such psychopathologies can learn to vary their behaviors when reinforced for so doing. And reinforced variability may help to solve a basic puzzle concerning the nature of voluntary action. | ||||
| Address | Department of Psychology, Reed College, Portland, OR 97202, USA. allen.neuringer@reed.edu | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0003-066X | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:15584823 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4106 | ||
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| Author | Gardner, A., West, S. A. | ||||
| Title | Cooperation and Punishment, Especially in Humans | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication |
The American Naturalist | Abbreviated Journal | Americ. Natur. |
| Volume | 164 | Issue | 6 | Pages | 753-764 |
| Keywords | kin selection, neighbor-modulated fitness, repression of | ||||
| Abstract | Explaining altruistic cooperation is one of the greatest challenges faced by sociologists, economists, and evolutionary biologists. The problem is determining why an individual would carry out a costly behavior that benefits another. Possible solutions to this problem include kinship, repeated interactions, and policing. Another solution that has recently received much attention is the threat of punishment. However, punishing behavior is often costly for the punisher, and so it is not immediately clear how costly punishment could evolve. We use a direct (neighbor-modulated) fitness approach to analyze when punishment is favored. This methodology reveals that, contrary to previous suggestions, relatedness between interacting individuals is not crucial to explaining cooperation through punishment. In fact, increasing relatedness directly disfavors punishing behavior. Instead, the crucial factor is a positive correlation between the punishment strategy of an individual and the cooperation it receives. This could arise in several ways, such as when facultative adjustment of behavior leads individuals to cooperate more when interacting with individuals who are more likely to punish. More generally, our results provide a clear example of how the fundamental factor driving the evolution of social traits is a correlation between social partners and how this can arise for reasons other than genealogical kinship. |
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| Address | University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 341 | ||
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| Author | Dubois, F.; Giraldeau, L.-A.; Hamilton, I.M.; Grant, J.W.A.; Lefebvre, L. | ||||
| Title | Distraction sneakers decrease the expected level of aggression within groups: a game-theoretic model | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication |
The American Naturalist | Abbreviated Journal | Am Nat |
| Volume | 164 | Issue | 2 | Pages | E32-45 |
| Keywords | *Aggression; Animals; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; Columbidae/*physiology; Competitive Behavior; Cooperative Behavior; *Game Theory; Hawks/*physiology; Models, Biological | ||||
| Abstract | Hawk-dove games have been extensively used to predict the conditions under which group-living animals should defend their resources against potential usurpers. Typically, game-theoretic models on aggression consider that resource defense may entail energetic and injury costs. However, intruders may also take advantage of owners who are busy fighting to sneak access to unguarded resources, imposing thereby an additional cost on the use of the escalated hawk strategy. In this article we modify the two-strategy hawk-dove game into a three-strategy hawk-dove-sneaker game that incorporates a distraction-sneaking tactic, allowing us to explore its consequences on the expected level of aggression within groups. Our model predicts a lower proportion of hawks and hence lower frequencies of aggressive interactions within groups than do previous two-strategy hawk-dove games. The extent to which distraction sneakers decrease the frequency of aggression within groups, however, depends on whether they search only for opportunities to join resources uncovered by other group members or for both unchallenged resources and opportunities to usurp. | ||||
| Address | Departement des Sciences Biologiques, Universite du Quebec a Montreal, Case postale 8888 Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3P8, Canada. frede_dubois@yahoo.fr | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 1537-5323 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:15278850 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Serial | 2130 | |||
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| Author | Sullivan, R.M. | ||||
| Title | Hemispheric Asymmetry in Stress Processing in Rat Prefrontal Cortex and the Role of Mesocortical Dopamine | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication |
Stress | Abbreviated Journal | Stress |
| Volume | 7 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 131-143 |
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| Abstract | The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is known to play an important role not only in the regulation of emotion, but in the integration of affective states with appropriate modulation of autonomic and neuroendocrine stress regulatory systems. The present review highlights findings in the rat which helps to elucidate the complex nature of prefrontal involvement in emotion and stress regulation. The medial PFC is particularly important in this regard and while dorsomedial regions appear to play a suppressive role in such regulation, the ventromedial (particularly infralimbic) region appears to activate behavioral, neuroendocrine and sympathetic autonomic systems in response to stressful situations. This may be especially true of spontaneous stress-related behavior or physiological responses to relatively acute stressors. The role of the medial PFC is somewhat more complex in conditions involving learned adjustments to stressful situations, such as the extinction of conditioned fear responses, but it is clear that the medial PFC is important in incorporating stressful experience for future adaptive behavior. It is also suggested that mesocortical dopamine plays an important adaptive role in this region by preventing excessive behavioral and physiological stress reactivity. The rat brain shows substantial hemispheric specialization in many respects, and while the right PFC is normally dominant in the activation of stress-related systems, the left may play a role in countering this activation through processes of interhemispheric inhibition. This proposed basic template for the lateralization of stress regulatory systems is suggested to be associated with efficient stress and emotional self-regulation, and also to be shaped by both early postnatal experience and gender differences. |
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| Publisher | Informa Clin Med | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 1025-3890 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5356 | ||
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| Author | Kanazawa, S. | ||||
| Title | Social sciences are branches of biology | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication |
Socioecon. Rev. | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 2 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 371-390 |
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| Abstract | Since biology is the study of living organisms, their behaviour and social systems, and since humans are living organisms, it is possible to suggest that social sciences (the study of human behaviour and social systems) are branches of biology and all social scientific theories should be consistent with known biological principles. To claim otherwise and to establish a separate science only for humans might be analogous to the establishment of hydrogenology, the study of hydrogen separate from and inconsistent with the rest of physics. Evolutionary psychology is the application of evolutionary biology to humans, and provides the most general (panspecific) explanations of human behaviour, cognitions, emotions and human social systems. Evolutionary psychology's recognition that humans are animals can explain some otherwise perplexing empirical puzzles in social sciences, such as why there is a wage penalty for motherhood but a wage reward for fatherhood, and why boys produce a greater wage reward for fathers than do girls. The General Social Survey data illustrate the evolutionary psychological argument that reproductive success is important for both men's and women's happiness, but money is only important for men's. | ||||
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| Notes | 10.1093/soceco/2.3.371 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2969 | ||
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| Author | Brandt, K. | ||||
| Title | A Language of Their Own: An Interactionist Approach to Human-Horse Communication | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication |
Society and Animals | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 12 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 299-316 |
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| Abstract | This paper explores the process of human-horse communication using ethnographic data of in-depth interviews and participant observation. Guided by symbolic interactionism, the paper argues that humans and horses co-create a language system by way of the body to facilitate the creation of shared meaning. This research challenges the privileged status of verbal language and suggests that non-verbal communication and language systems of the body have their own unique complexities. This investigation of humanhorse communication offers new possibilities to understand the subjective and intersubjective world of non-verbal language using beings-human and nonhuman alike. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4386 | ||
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| Author | Corr, J.A. | ||||
| Title | Nuns and monkeys: investigating the behavior of our oldest old | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication |
Science of Aging Knowledge Environment : SAGE KE | Abbreviated Journal | Sci Aging Knowledge Environ |
| Volume | 2004 | Issue | 41 | Pages | pe38 |
| Keywords | Aged; Aged, 80 and over/*physiology; Aging/*physiology; Animals; Behavior/*physiology; Humans; Macaca mulatta | ||||
| Abstract | The use of nonhuman primates, particularly rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), as the best model for human physiological and cognitive aging is broadly accepted. Studies employing nonhuman primates to investigate behavioral changes that may occur with increasing age, however, are not common mostly because of the unavailability of appropriate subjects. Recent longitudinal human studies suggest that individual personality might play a large role in aging “successfully” and in the retention of high levels of cognition into old age. As a result of the demographic trend of increasing numbers of aged monkeys and apes in captivity, an opportunity exists to further investigate behavioral aging using the monkey model. | ||||
| Address | Department of Anthropology, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI 49401, USA. corrj@gvsu.edu | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 1539-6150 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:15483334 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2828 | ||
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| Author | Bloom, P. | ||||
| Title | Behavior. Can a dog learn a word? | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication |
Science (New York, N.Y.) | Abbreviated Journal | Science |
| Volume | 304 | Issue | 5677 | Pages | 1605-1606 |
| Keywords | Animals; Child; Child, Preschool; *Dogs; Humans; *Learning; *Memory; *Vocabulary | ||||
| Abstract | |||||
| Address | Department of Psychology, Yale University, Post Office Box 208205, New Haven, CT 06520-8205, USA. paul.bloom@yale.edu | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 1095-9203 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:15192205 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Serial | 28 | |||
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| Author | Danchin, E.; Giraldeau, L.-A.; Valone, T.J.; Wagner, R.H. | ||||
| Title | Public information: from nosy neighbors to cultural evolution | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication |
Science (New York, N.Y.) | Abbreviated Journal | Science |
| Volume | 305 | Issue | 5683 | Pages | 487-491 |
| Keywords | Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Cues; *Cultural Evolution; *Decision Making; Environment; Evolution; Feeding Behavior; Female; Genes; Humans; Male; Reproduction; Sexual Behavior, Animal | ||||
| Abstract | Psychologists, economists, and advertising moguls have long known that human decision-making is strongly influenced by the behavior of others. A rapidly accumulating body of evidence suggests that the same is true in animals. Individuals can use information arising from cues inadvertently produced by the behavior of other individuals with similar requirements. Many of these cues provide public information about the quality of alternatives. The use of public information is taxonomically widespread and can enhance fitness. Public information can lead to cultural evolution, which we suggest may then affect biological evolution. | ||||
| Address | U.P.M.C. CNRS-UMR7625, Bat A-7e etage-Case 237, 7 quai Saint Bernard, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France. edanchin@snv.jussieu.fr | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 1095-9203 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:15273386 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Serial | 2131 | |||
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| Author | Subiaul, F.; Cantlon, J.F.; Holloway, R.L.; Terrace, H.S. | ||||
| Title | Cognitive imitation in rhesus macaques | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication |
Science (New York, N.Y.) | Abbreviated Journal | Science |
| Volume | 305 | Issue | 5682 | Pages | 407-410 |
| Keywords | Animals; *Cognition; *Imitative Behavior; *Learning; Macaca mulatta/*physiology/psychology; Male | ||||
| Abstract | Experiments on imitation typically evaluate a student's ability to copy some feature of an expert's motor behavior. Here, we describe a type of observational learning in which a student copies a cognitive rule rather than a specific motor action. Two rhesus macaques were trained to respond, in a prescribed order, to different sets of photographs that were displayed on a touch-sensitive monitor. Because the position of the photographs varied randomly from trial to trial, sequences could not be learned by motor imitation. Both monkeys learned new sequences more rapidly after observing an expert execute those sequences than when they had to learn new sequences entirely by trial and error. | ||||
| Address | Department of Anthropology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA. subiaul@aol.com | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 1095-9203 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:15256673 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2839 | ||
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