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Author |
Zebisch, A.; May, A.; Reese, S.; Gehlen, H. |
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Title |
Effect of different head-neck positions on physical and psychological stress parameters in the ridden horse |
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Year |
2013 |
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Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr |
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Volume |
98 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
901-907 |
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Keywords |
hyperflexion; head-neck position; stress; training; animal welfare |
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Abstract |
Summary Different head?neck positions (HNPs) are used in equestrian sports and are regarded as desirable for training and competition by riders, judges and trainers. Even though some studies have been indicative of hyperflexion having negative effects on horses, this unnatural position is frequently used. In the present study, the influence of different HNPs on physical and psychological stress parameters in the ridden horse was investigated. Heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (HRV) and blood cortisol levels were measured in 18 horses. Low frequency (LF) and high frequency (HF) are power components in the frequency domain measurement of HRV which show the activity of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. Values were recorded at rest, while riding with a working HNP and while riding with hyperflexion of the horse's head, neck and poll. In addition, rideability and behaviour during the different investigation stages were evaluated by the rider and by an observer. Neither the HR nor the HRV showed a significant difference between working HNP (HR = 105 ± 22/min; LF/HF = 3.89 ± 5.68; LF = 37.28 ± 10.77%) and hyperflexion (HR = 110 ± 18; LF/HF = 1.94 ± 2.21; LF = 38.39 ± 13.01%). Blood cortisol levels revealed a significant increase comparing working HNP (158 ± 60 nm) and hyperflexion (176 ± 64 nm, p = 0.01). The evaluation of rider and observer resulted in clear changes of rideability and behavioural changes for the worse in all parameters collected between a working HNP and hyperflexion. In conclusion, changes of the cortisol blood level as a physical parameter led to the assumption that hyperflexion of head, neck and poll effects a stress reaction in the horse, and observation of the behaviour illustrates adverse effects on the well-being of horses during hyperflexion. |
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Wiley/Blackwell (10.1111) |
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0931-2439 |
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doi: 10.1111/jpn.12155 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6427 |
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Kruska, D. |
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Title |
The effect of domestication on brain size and composition in the mink (Mustela vison) |
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1996 |
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J Zool |
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239 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Kruska1996 |
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6234 |
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Zohary, D.; Tchernov, E.; Horwitz, L.K. |
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Title |
The role of unconscious selection in the domestication of sheep and goats |
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1998 |
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J Zool |
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245 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Zohary1998 |
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6240 |
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Harrington, F.H.; Mech, L.D. |
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An analysis of howling response parameters useful for wolf pack censusing |
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1982 |
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J Wildl Manag |
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46 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Harrington1982 |
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6456 |
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Author |
Fuller, T.K.; Sampson, B.A. |
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Title |
Evaluation of a simulated howling survey for wolves |
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1988 |
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J Widl Manag |
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52 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Fuller1988 |
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6458 |
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Herbst, C.T.; Herzel, H.; Svec, J.G.; Wyman, M.T.; Fitch, W.T. |
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Title |
Visualization of system dynamics using phasegrams |
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2013 |
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J R Soc Interface |
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10 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Herbst2013 |
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6487 |
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Palacios, V.; Font, E.; Marquez, R. |
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Title |
Iberian wolf howls: acoustic structure, individual variation, and a comparison with North American populations |
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2007 |
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J Mammal |
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88 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Palacios2007 |
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6469 |
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Stenglein, J.L.; Waits, L.P.; Ausband, D.E.; Zager, P.; Mack, C.M. |
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Title |
Estimating gray wolf pack size and family relationships using non invasive genetic sampling at rendezvous sites |
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2011 |
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J Mammal |
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92 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Stenglein2011 |
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6476 |
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Author |
Morgan, T.W.; Elliott, C.L. |
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Comparison of remotely-triggered cameras vs. howling surveys for estimating coyote (Canis latrans) Abundance in central Kentucky |
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2011 |
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J Ky Acad Science |
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72 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Morgan2011 |
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6492 |
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Nowak, S.; Jedrzejewski, W.; Schmidt, K.; Theuerkauf, J.; Myslajek, R.W.; Jedrzejewska, B. |
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Title |
Howling activity of free-ranging wolves (Canis lupus) in the Bialowieza Primeval Forest and the Western Beskidy Mountains (Poland) |
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2006 |
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J Ethol |
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25 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Nowak2006 |
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6459 |
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