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Author Mettke-Hofmann, C.; Winkler, H.; Leisler, B. url  doi
openurl 
  Title The Significance of Ecological Factors for Exploration and Neophobia in Parrots Type Journal Article
  Year 2002 Publication (up) Ethology Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 108 Issue 3 Pages 249-272  
  Keywords  
  Abstract Exploratory behaviour plays an important role in most animals for gathering information about their environment. If it constitutes an adaptation to different environmental conditions exploratory behaviour should differ between species. This has been tested with several hypotheses. Sixty-one parrot species (Psittacidae) from eight tribes with different diets and habitat preferences were investigated in aviaries. Two tests were carried out. First, a novel object (wooden ring) in the familiar aviary was presented on two test days in the exploration test. Latencies until first contact with the object and the duration of exploration were recorded. Secondly, in the neophobia test, novel objects were placed beside the feeding dish and latencies until first food intake were recorded. The exploration and neophobia data were related to 12 (13) ecological variables using multiple regression analyses. Phylogenetic relationships were considered. Species that inhabit complex habitats, such as forest edges, or that feed on buds or species from islands showed the shortest latencies in the exploration test. In contrast, long latencies were related to a diet including a great amount of seeds and/or flowers. The longest duration of exploration occurred in species eating nuts or originating from islands, whereas short durations were related to feeding on seeds. Neophobia was positively related to a diet consisting of insects, and negatively to a diet of leaves. There was no relationship between measures of exploration and neophobia. Exploration and neophobia seem to be tightly related to the ecology of a species.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Blackwell Wissenschafts-Verlag Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 1439-0310 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5617  
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Author Fisher, D.O.; Blomberg, S.P.; Owens, I.P.F. doi  openurl
  Title Convergent Maternal Care Strategies In Ungulates And Macropods Type Journal Article
  Year 2002 Publication (up) Evolution Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 56 Issue 1 Pages 167-176  
  Keywords  
  Abstract Mammals show extensive interspecific variation in the form of maternal care. Among ungulates, there is a dichotomy between species in which offspring follow the mother (“following” strategy) versus species in which offspring remain concealed (“hiding” strategy). Here we reveal that the same dichotomy exists among macropods (kangaroos, wallabies and allies). We test three traditional adaptive explanations and one new life history hypothesis, and find very similar patterns among both ungulates and macropods. The three traditional explanations that we tested were that a “following” strategy is associated with (1) open habitat, (2) large mothers, and (3) gregariousness. Our new life-history hypothesis is that a “following strategy” is associated with delayed weaning, and thus with the “slow” end of the slow-fast mammalian life-history continuum, because offspring devote resources to locomotion rather than rapid growth. Our comparative test strongly supports the habitat structure hypothesis and provides some support for this new delayed weaning hypothesis for both ungulates and macropods. We propose that sedentary young in closed habitats benefit energetically by having milk brought to them. In open habitats, predation pressure will select against hiding. Followers will suffer slower growth to independence. Taken together, therefore, our results provide the first quantitative evidence that macropods and ungulates are convergent with respect to interspecific variation in maternal care strategy. In both clades, differences between species in the form of parental care are due to a similar interaction between habitat, social behavior, and life history. Corresponding Editor: B. Crespi  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4252  
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Author Acuna, B.D.; Sanes, J.N.; Donoghue, J.P. doi  openurl
  Title Cognitive mechanisms of transitive inference Type Journal Article
  Year 2002 Publication (up) Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Experimentation cerebrale Abbreviated Journal Exp Brain Res  
  Volume 146 Issue 1 Pages 1-10  
  Keywords Adolescent; Adult; Attention/*physiology; Cognition/*physiology; Female; Humans; Learning/physiology; Linear Models; Male; Photic Stimulation; Psychomotor Performance/physiology; Reaction Time/physiology  
  Abstract We examined how the brain organizes interrelated facts during learning and how the facts are subsequently manipulated in a transitive inference (TI) paradigm (e.g., if A<B and B<C, then A<C). This task determined features such as learned facts and behavioral goals, but the learned facts could be organized in any of several ways. For example, if one learns a list by operating on paired items, the pairs may be stored individually as separate facts and reaction time (RT) should decrease with learning. Alternatively, the pairs may be stored as a single, unified list, which may yield a different RT pattern. We characterized RT patterns that occurred as participants learned, by trial and error, the predetermined order of 11 shapes. The task goal was to choose the shape occurring closer to the end of the list, and feedback about correctness was provided during this phase. RT increased even as its variance decreased during learning, suggesting that the learnt knowledge became progressively unified into a single representation, requiring more time to manipulate as participants acquired relational knowledge. After learning, non-adjacent (NA) list items were presented to examine how participants reasoned in a TI task. The task goal also required choosing from each presented pair the item occurring closer to the list end, but without feedback. Participants could solve the TI problems by applying formal logic to the previously learnt pairs of adjacent items; alternatively, they could manipulate a single, unified representation of the list. Shorter RT occurred for NA pairs having more intervening items, supporting the hypothesis that humans employ unified mental representations during TI. The response pattern does not support mental logic solutions of applying inference rules sequentially, which would predict longer RT with more intervening items. We conclude that the brain organizes information in such a way that reflects the relations among the items, even if the facts were learned in an arbitrary order, and that this representation is subsequently used to make inferences.  
  Address Department of Neuroscience, Box 1953, Brown Medical School, Providence, RI 02912, USA  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0014-4819 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes PMID:12192572 Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 602  
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Author McDonough, P.; Kindig, C.A.; Ramsel, C.; Poole, D.C.; Erickson, H.H. url  openurl
  Title The effect of treadmill incline on maximal oxygen uptake, gas exchange and the metabolic response to exercise in the horse Type Journal Article
  Year 2002 Publication (up) Experimental Physiology Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 87 Issue 04 Pages 499-506 M3 - null  
  Keywords  
  Abstract In healthy man, conditions that change muscle O2 delivery affect the achievable maximum rate of O2 uptake (V[dot above]O2,max) as well as the metabolic (e.g. lactate threshold, LT) and gas exchange (e.g. gas exchange threshold, Tge) responses to incremental exercise. Inclined (I) compared to level (L) running increases locomotory muscle EMG at a given speed in the horse, indicative of elevated metabolic demand. To our knowledge, the effect of treadmill incline on V[dot above]O2,max, LT and Tge has not been addressed in the exercising quadruped. We used blood sampling and breath-by-breath expired gas analysis to test the hypothesis that I (10 % gradient) would increase V[dot above]O2,max and the rate of O2 uptake (V[dot above]O2) at LT and Tge in six Thoroughbred horses during incremental running to volitional fatigue. V[dot above]O2,max was significantly higher for I (I, 77.8 ± 4.1; L, 65.5 ± 5.3 l min-1; P < 0.05), but peak plasma lactate concentration was not (I, 28.0 ± 3.7; L, 25.9 ± 3.0 mM). Arterial PCO2 increased to 62.1 ± 3.3 and 57.9 ± 2.7 Torr (I vs. L; P < 0.05), yet despite this relative hypoventilation, a distinct Tge was present. This Tge occurred at a significantly different absolute (I, 49.6 ± 3.2; L, 42.4 ± 3.2 l min-1; P < 0.05), but nearly identical relative V[dot above]O2 (I, 63.6 ± 1.2; L, 63.9 ± 1.6 % V[dot above]O2,max) in I and L. Similarly, LT occurred at a significantly greater absolute V[dot above]O2 (I, 37.3 ± 2.8; L, 26.9 ± 2.1 l min-1), but a relative V[dot above]O2 that was not different (I, 47.9 ± 2.1; L, 43.9 ± 4.5 % V[dot above]O2,max). In addition, Tge occurred at a significantly higher (P [less-than-or-equal] 0.05) absolute and relative V[dot above]O2 than LT for both I and L tests. In conclusion, V[dot above]O2,max is higher during inclined than level running and both LT and Tge in the horse occur at a similar percentage of V[dot above]O2,max irrespective of the absolute level of V[dot above]O2,max. In contrast to humans, LT is a poor analogue of Tge in the horse.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Cambridge Journals Online Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 1469-445x ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5650  
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Author Moons, C.; Heleski, C.R.; Leece, C.M.; Zanella, A.J. url  openurl
  Title Conflicting Results in the Association Between Plasma and Salivary Cortisol Levels in Foals Type Manuscript
  Year 2002 Publication (up) Havemeier Workshop Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages  
  Keywords  
  Abstract Introduction

Glucocorticoids are present in many biological fluids as a free fraction or bound to Corticoid

Binding Globulins (CBG) (Matteri et al, 2000). There are conflicting claims regarding the validity of

saliva as a biological fluid to measure cortisol in horses (Lebelt et al, 1996; McGreevy and Pell, 1998;

van der Kolk et al, 2001). Measuring changes in salivary cortisol levels in normal horses and horses

with Cushing`s disease van der Kolk and collaborators (2001) demonstrated the validity of saliva to

assess adrenal function. Puzzling results were reported by McGreevy and Pell (1998) who suggested

that plasma and salivary cortisol concentrations in horses showing oral stereotypies were correlated

but this association was non-existent in control animals. Investigating the responses of foals to

branding and foot-trimming Zanella et al (unpublished results) were unable to identify a relationship

between plasma and salivary cortisol levels in foals. In several species, levels of cortisol in plasma and

saliva are tightly correlated (Fenske, 1996). Cortisol found in blood consists of a fraction bound to

corticoid binding globulin (CBG) and a free, unbound fraction. Free cortisol represents the

biologically active fraction of this steroid hormone. Salivary cortisol reflects the unbound fraction

found in plasma or serum and it passes readily through the parotid membrane (Riad-Fahmy, 1983;

Horning Walker et al,1977). Unbound steroids transfer rapidly between plasma and saliva

(Walker,1989; Scott et al 1990). Saliva flow-rate does not appear to influence saliva cortisol levels in

different species (Hubert and de Jong-Meyer, 1989; Walker 1989, Scott et a, 1990). In horses, Lebelt

et al (1996) reported that salivary and plasma total cortisol in stallions were correlated. We

hypothesized that changes in salivary cortisol in foals would show a pattern that is correlated to that of

plasma free and plasma total cortisol concentrations in foals. In addition, we anticipated that the lack

of good sampling techniques provides an explanation for the failure in determining the association

between salivary and plasma cortisol in foals.
 
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  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
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  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 470  
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Author Heyes, C.M. openurl 
  Title Transformation and associative theories of imitation. Type Book Chapter
  Year 2002 Publication (up) Imitation in animals and artefacts Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 501-523  
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  Abstract  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher MIT Press Place of Publication Cambridge, MA. Editor Dautenhahn, K. ; Nehaniv, C. L.  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5602  
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Author Kaplan, G.; Rogers, L.J. doi  openurl
  Title Patterns of Gazing in Orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) Type Journal Article
  Year 2002 Publication (up) International Journal of Primatology Abbreviated Journal Int. J. Primatol.  
  Volume 23 Issue 3 Pages 501-526  
  Keywords  
  Abstract Eyes play an important role in communication amongst humans and animals. However, relatively little is known about specific differences in eye morphology amongst primates and how these features might be associated with social structure and direction of gaze. We present a detailed study of gazing and eye morphology-exposed sclera and surrounding features in orangutans. We measured gazing in rehabilitating orangutans in two contexts: interspecific viewing of the experimenter (with video camera) and intraspecific gazing (between subjects). Our findings show that direct staring is avoided and social looking is limited to certain age/social categories: juveniles engage in more looking at other orangutans than do adults or infants. While orangutans use eye movements in social communication, they avoid the more prolonged mutual gaze that is characteristic of humans, and also apparent in chimpanzees and gorillas. Detailed frame-by-frame analysis of videotapes from field and zoo studies of orangutans revealed that they pay visual attention to both human observers and conspecifics by glancing sideways, with the head turned at an angle away from the subject being observed. Mutual gaze was extremely rare, and we have observed only two incidences of gaze following. Orangutans in captivity appear to use a more restricted pattern of gazes compared to free-living, rehabilitating ones, possibly suggesting the presence of a pathological condition (such as depression) in the captive subjects. Our findings have implications for further investigations of social communication and cognition in orangutans.  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 3398  
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Author Silk, J.B. doi  openurl
  Title Kin Selection in Primate Groups Type Journal Article
  Year 2002 Publication (up) International Journal of Primatology Abbreviated Journal Int. J. Primatol.  
  Volume 23 Issue 4 Pages 849-875  
  Keywords Biomedical and Life Sciences  
  Abstract Altruism poses a problem for evolutionary biologists because natural selection is not expected to favor behaviors that are beneficial to recipients, but costly to actors. The theory of kin selection, first articulated by Hamilton (1964), provides a solution to the problem. Hamilton's well-known rule (br > c) provides a simple algorithm for the evolution of altruism via kin selection. Because kin recognition is a crucial requirement of kin selection, it is important to know whether and how primates can recognize their relatives. While conventional wisdom has been that primates can recognize maternal kin, but not paternal kin, this view is being challenged by new findings. The ability to recognize kin implies that kin selection may shape altruistic behavior in primate groups. I focus on two cases in which kin selection is tightly woven into the fabric of social life. For female baboons, macaques, and vervets maternal kinship is an important axis of social networks, coalitionary activity, and dominance relationships. Detailed studies of the patterning of altruistic interactions within these species illustrate the extent and limits of nepotism in their social lives. Carefully integrated analyses of behavior, demography, and genetics among red howlers provide an independent example of how kin selection shapes social organization and behavior. In red howlers, kin bonds shape the life histories and reproductive performance of both males and female. The two cases demonstrate that kin selection can be a powerful source of altruistic activity within primate groups. However, to fully assess the role of kin selection in primate groups, we need more information about the effects of kinship on the patterning of behavior across the Primates and accurate information about paternal kin relationships.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Springer Netherlands Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0164-0291 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5247  
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Author Neveu, P.J. openurl 
  Title Cerebral Lateralisation and the Immune System Type Book Chapter
  Year 2002 Publication (up) International Review of Neurobiology: Neurobiology of the Immune System Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 52 Issue Pages 303-318  
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  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Academic Press Place of Publication Amsterdam Editor Clow, A.; Hucklebridge, F.  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5828  
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Author Gazzola, A.; Avanzinelli, E.; Mauri, L.; Scandura, M.; Apollonio, M. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Temporal changes of howling in south European wolf packs Type Journal Article
  Year 2002 Publication (up) Ital J Zool Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 69 Issue Pages  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Gazzola2002 Serial 6495  
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