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Author |
Pereira, M.E.; Schill, J.L.; Charles, E.P. |
![find record details (via OpenURL) openurl](img/xref.gif)
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Title |
Reconciliation in captive Guyanese squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2000 |
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American journal of primatology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am. J. Primatol. |
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50 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
159-167 |
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Aggression; Agonistic Behavior; Animals; Conflict (Psychology); Female; Guyana; Male; Saimiri/*psychology; *Social Behavior; Social Dominance |
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The tendency for agonistic interaction to increase the probability of friendly interaction between social partners has been demonstrated across a range of Old World primates. While research on such post-conflict behavior proceeds into an hypothesis-testing phase, new comparative information must accumulate to provide full phylogenetic perspective on primate social behavior. Data from New World and prosimian primates are yet extremely limited. We studied captive squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) via post-conflict (PC) and matched control (MC) observations and analyzed results using both the PC-MC and time-rule methods. Former opponents maintaining affiliative relationships soon engaged in friendly interaction following large proportions of agonistic interactions, whereas non-affiliated individuals, including virtually all male-female pairs, reconciled conflicts rarely. Close-proximity approaching and huddling contact constituted the principal modes of post-conflict amicability. Agonistic interactions of relatively high intensity were most likely to be reconciled and most likely to be reconciled via physical contact. High vulnerability of Saimiri to predation may have favored this species' strong inclination to reconcile soon after agonistic interaction. Research on free-living populations of this and other primate species is needed to illuminate similarities and differences across taxa. |
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Department of Biology and Program in Animal Behavior, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania 17837, USA. mpereira@bucknell.edu |
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0275-2565 |
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PMID:10676712 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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2878 |
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Author |
Seyfarth, R.M.; Cheney, D.L. |
![find record details (via OpenURL) openurl](img/xref.gif)
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Title |
Social Awareness in Monkeys |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2000 |
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Amer. Zool. |
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40 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
902-909 |
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Tests of self-awareness in nonhuman primates have to date been concerned almost entirely with the recognition of an animal's reflection in a mirror. By contrast, we know much less about non-human primates' perception of their place within a social network, or of their understanding of themselves as individuals with unique sets of social relationships. Here we review evidence that monkeys who fail the mirror test may nonetheless behave as if they recognize themselves as distinct individuals, each of whom occupies a unique place in society and has a specific set of relations with others. A free-ranging vervet monkey, baboon, or macaque recognizes other members of his group as individuals. He also recognizes matrilineal kin groups, linear dominance rank orders, and behaves as if he recognizes his own unique place within them. This sense of “social self” in monkeys, however, is markedly different from self-awareness in humans. Although monkeys may behave in ways that accurately place themselves within a social network, they are unaware of the knowledge that allows them to do so: they do not know what they know, cannot reflect on what they know, and cannot become the object of their own attention. |
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10.1093/icb/40.6.902 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4934 |
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Author |
Bailey, A.; Williams, N.; Palmer, M.; Geering, R. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
The farmer as service provider: the demand for agricultural commodities and equine services |
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Journal Article |
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2000 |
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Agricultural Systems |
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66 |
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3 |
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191-204 |
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Income and price elasticity of demand; Farm diversification; Horses |
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In recent years there has been much interest in alternative sources of income for farmers. This is because economic theory suggests that demand for agricultural commodities is inelastic so that, as incomes in society as a whole increase, those of farmers do not necessarily keep pace — hence the current problems with falling real farm incomes. In contrast the demand for services is relatively elastic. Thus it is logical to divert agricultural resources into service provision. One such service is provided by equine enterprises. We have estimated the own price and income elasticities of demand for selected agricultural commodities and for ‘equine services’. Our results confirm that demand for equine services is more elastic than for agricultural commodities. Thus diversification into horse enterprises is likely to have long term benefits for farmers vis á vis traditional agricultural production. |
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0308-521x |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5713 |
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Author |
Yang, S. |
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Title |
Melioidosis research in China |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2000 |
Publication ![sorted by Publication field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
Acta Tropica |
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Acta Trop |
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77 |
Issue |
2 |
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157-165 |
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Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology; Burkholderia pseudomallei/drug effects/immunology/*pathogenicity; China/epidemiology; Cross Reactions; Glanders/immunology/microbiology; Horses; Humans; *Melioidosis/epidemiology/immunology/microbiology/veterinary; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Virulence |
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Research on melioidosis and its pathogen has been ongoing in China for more than two decades. It has been demonstrated that the natural foci are located predominantly in Hainan, Guangdong and Guangxi province, where there is a good correlation between soil isolation and the serum prevalence of antibodies to Burkholderia pseudomallei. The cases of melioidosis reported up to now are concentrated in the Hainan and Zhanjiang peninsula. Investigations on serotype, virulence, ecology, antibiotic susceptibility, whole cell analysis by gas chromatography, and genetics have led to a new understanding of the pathology of the disease. Immunological cross reactions between Burkholderia mallei and B. pseudomallei and the difference between melioidosis and glanders in horses is discussed. |
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Medical Research Institute, Yan-Ling (510507), Dongguanzhuang Road 91, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China. songyangch@hotmail.com |
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0001-706X |
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PMID:11080506 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2649 |
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Author |
P. K. McGregor,; T. M. Peake, |
![find record details (via OpenURL) openurl](img/xref.gif)
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Title |
Communication networks: social environments for receiving and signalling behaviour |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2000 |
Publication ![sorted by Publication field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
Acta ethologica |
Abbreviated Journal |
Acta. Ethol. |
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2 |
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2 |
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71-81 |
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Communication ? Network ? Eavesdropping ? Audiences ? Information |
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Communication and social behaviour are inextricably linked, with communication mediating important social behaviours such as resource defence and mate attraction. However, the social environment in which communication occurs is often ignored in discussions of communication behaviour. We argue that networks of several individuals are the common social environment for communication behaviour. The consequences for receivers and signallers of communicating in a network environment are the main subjects of this review. Eavesdropping is a receiving behaviour that is only possible in the environment of a network and therefore we concentrate on this behaviour. The main effect of communication networks on signallers is to create competition with other signallers for receiver attention. We discuss the consequences of such competition. To conclude, we explore the role of signals and signalling interactions as sources of information that animals exploit to direct their behaviour. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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496 |
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Author |
Cooper, J.J.; McDonald, L.; Mills, D.S. |
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The effect of increasing visual horizons on stereotypic weaving: implications for the social housing of stabled horses |
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Journal Article |
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2000 |
Publication ![sorted by Publication field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
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Appl Anim Behav Sci |
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69 |
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1 |
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67-83 |
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Stabled horses commonly perform stereotypic patterns of weaving, where the horse shifts its weight from side to side often swinging its head. Ten warm-blood types, of which five were known to reliably weave, were housed in similar 12x12 ft wooden loose boxes in a single stable block surrounding a courtyard. Each horse was exposed to each of five stable designs. These were: the conventional front top-half of the door open only with a view of the stable courtyard (F); front half-door open and a similar half-door open at the back of the stable with a view to the surrounding fields (FB); back open only (B); front and one-side panel open with a view into the adjacent stable (FS); and front, back and both sides open (All4). During observation days, horses were brought in from the field at 0830 h, fed concentrate at 0930 h, fed haylage at 1005 h and turned out at 1600 h. Behaviour was recorded from 0900 to 1040 h, 1200 to 1300 h and 1500 to 1600 h. Weaving was most common prior to feeding in the morning and prior to putting out to pasture in the afternoon. There was a significant effect of stable design on weaving, with less weaving in the FS and All4 designs than the F treatment. There was also a significant effect of stable design on repetitive nodding, though in this case, FB, B, FS and All4 designs each reduced nodding compared with the F treatment. The effect of stable design can be explained in a number of ways. Firstly, it could be the novelty of the environmental change, though there was no evidence in this study of an increase in stereotypy with prolonged exposure to the new stable designs. Secondly, opening windows may increase opportunities for environmental interaction, and the expression of new activities may compete with stereotypic behaviour for the horse's time. Thirdly, the open windows may allow expression of specific activities such as environmental monitoring or social interaction that are denied by the conventional stable. |
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School of Agriculture, De Montfort University, Caythorpe, NG32 3EP, Lincolnshire, UK |
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0168-1591 |
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PMID:10856785 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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1923 |
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Author |
Wilson O. E., |
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Title |
Sociobiology: The new Synthesis |
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2000 |
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25th edition |
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Belknap Press |
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Cambridge |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ WilsonO.E.1929 |
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4731 |
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Author |
Mandal, M. K.; Bulman-Fleming, M. B.; Tiwari, G. (eds) |
![find book details (via ISBN) isbn](img/isbn.gif)
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Title |
Side Bias: A Neuropsychological Perspective |
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2000 |
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The beginnings of the idea about a book on “side bias” began in the year
1994 during the senior editor“s research association with late Professor M.P.
Bryden and colleagues at the University of Waterloo, Canada. Over many
discussions with Professor Bryden, it was clear that the concept of ”side bias"
encompasses all aspects of motor behaviour within the context of human
(and non-human animal) laterality. The tendency to favour one side or limb
over the other is important not only from the perspective of understanding
the functional asymmetries of the cerebral hemispheres, but also to an
understanding of a myriad of aspects of human behaviour, as the
contributions to this volume will attest.
By side bias, most people would think of bias in terms of hand
preference or performance. The phenomenon of side bias, however, is more
general and influences motor behaviour of all kinds, ranging from simple
hand movement to complex behaviours like facial expression and attention.
Therefore, the concept has been operationalized in terms of bias reflected in
the motor expression of paired (such as hands, feet, eyes, or ears) or
nonpaired organs (such as the face) as a function of preference, performance
or attentional/intentional factors. ....
More see: http://www.springerlink.com/content/gr1726/front-matter.pdf |
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Springer |
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Netherlands |
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Mandal, M. K.; Bulman-Fleming, M. B.; Tiwari, G. |
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978-0-7923-6660-7 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4733 |
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Author |
Foster, K.R.; Ratnieks, F.L.W. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
Social insects: Facultative worker policing in a wasp |
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Journal Article |
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2000 |
Publication ![sorted by Publication field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
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Nature |
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407 |
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6805 |
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692-693 |
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Kin-selection theory predicts that in social-insect colonies where the queen has mated multiple times, the workers will enforce cooperation by policing each other's reproduction1, 2, 3, 4. We have discovered a species, the wasp Dolichovespula saxonica, in which some queens mate once and others mate many times, and in which workers frequently attempt reproduction, allowing this prediction to be tested directly. We find that multiple mating by the queen leads to mutual policing by workers, whereas single mating does not. |
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Macmillan Magazines Ltd. |
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0028-0836 |
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10.1038/35037665 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4940 |
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Garber, P.; Boinski, S. |
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Group Movement in Social Primates and Other Animals: Patterns, Processes, and Cognitive Implications. |
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2000 |
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University of Chicago Press |
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Chicago |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5466 |
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