| Records |
| Author |
Schanz, L.; Krueger, K.; Hintze, S. |
| Title |
Sex and Age Don't Matter, but Breed Type Does--Factors Influencing Eye Wrinkle Expression in Horses |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2019 |
Publication  |
Frontiers in Veterinary Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Front. Vet. Sci. |
| Volume |
6 |
Issue |
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Pages |
154 |
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| Abstract |
Identifying valid indicators to assess animals' emotional states is a critical objective of animal welfare science. In horses, eye wrinkles above the eyeball have been shown to be affected by pain and other emotional states. From other species we know that individual characteristics, e.g. age in humans, affect facial wrinkles, but it has not yet been investigated whether eye wrinkle expression in horses is systematically affected by such characteristics. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess how age, sex, breed type, body condition and coat colour affect the expression and/or the assessment of eye wrinkles in horses. To this end, we adapted the eye wrinkle assessment scale from Hintze et al. (2016) and assessed eye wrinkle expression in pictures taken from the left and the right eye of 181 horses in a presumably neutral situation, using five outcome measures: a qualitative first impression reflecting how worried the horse is perceived by humans, the extent to which the brow is raised, the number of wrinkles, their markedness and the angle between a line through both corners of the eye and the topmost wrinkle. All measures could be assessed highly reliable with respect to intra- and inter-observer agreement. Breed type affected the width of the angle (F2, 114 = 8.20, p < 0.001), with thoroughbreds having the narrowest angle (M = 23.80, SD = 1.60), followed by warmbloods (M = 28.00, SD = 0.60), and coldbloods (M = 31.00, SD = 0.90). None of the other characteristics affected any of the outcome measures, and eye wrinkle expression did not differ between the left and the right eye area (all p-values > 0.05). In conclusion, horses' eye wrinkle expression and its assessment in neutral situations was not systematically affected by the investigated characteristics, except for 'breed type', which accounted for some variation in 'angle'; how much eye wrinkle expression is affected by emotion or perhaps mood needs further investigation and validation. |
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2297-1769 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
6578 |
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| Author |
Scopa, C.; Greco, A.; Contalbrigo, L.; Fratini, E.; Lanatà, A.; Scilingo, E.P.; Baragli, P. |
| Title |
Inside the Interaction: Contact With Familiar Humans Modulates Heart Rate Variability in Horses |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Frontiers in Veterinary Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
7 |
Issue |
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Pages |
998 |
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| Abstract |
A human-animal relationship can be developed through subsequent interactions, affected by the positive or negative emotional valence of the proceeding one. Horses implement a process of categorization to classify humans with whom they interact as positive, negative, or neutral stimuli by evaluating the kind of approach and the nature of the contact. In these terms, human-animal interactions are emotionally charged events, eliciting specific emotional states in both subjects involved. Although the human-horse relationship has been mainly investigated through behavioral analysis, physiological indicators are needed for a more objective assessment of the emotional responses. Heart rate variability (HRV) is a commonly used autonomic nervous system (ANS) correlate estimating the sympathovagal balance as a psychophysiological marker of emotion regulation in horses. We have assumed that long-term positive relationships with humans may have a positive and immediate impact on the emotional arousal of the horse, detectable, via ANS activity, during the interaction. We analyzed horses' heartbeat dynamics during their interaction with either familiar or unfamiliar handlers, applying a standardized experimental protocol consisting of three different conditions shifting from the absence of interaction to physical contact. The ANS signals were monitored through an innovative non-invasive wearable system, not interfering with the unconscious emotional response of the animal. We demonstrated that horses appeared to feel more relaxed while physically interacting (e.g., grooming on the right side) with some familiar handlers compared to the same task performed by someone unfamiliar. The shift of the sympathovagal balance toward a vagal predominance suggests that the horses experienced a decrease in stress response as a function not only of the handler's familiarity but also of the type of interaction they are experiencing. These results constitute the objective evidence of horses' capacity to individually recognize a familiar person, adding the crucial role of familiarity with the handler as a paramount component of human-animal interaction. Our rigorous methodological approach may provide a significant contribution to various fields such as animal welfare while further investigating the emotional side of the human-animal relationships. |
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2297-1769 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6625 |
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| Author |
Rørvang, M.V.; Nielsen, B.L.; McLean, A.N. |
| Title |
Sensory Abilities of Horses and Their Importance for Equitation Science |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Frontiers in Veterinary Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
7 |
Issue |
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Pages |
633 |
| Keywords |
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| Abstract |
Vision, hearing, olfaction, taste, and touch comprise the sensory modalities of most vertebrates. With these senses, the animal receives information about its environment. How this information is organized, interpreted, and experienced is known as perception. The study of the sensory abilities of animals and their implications for behavior is central not only to ethology but also to animal welfare. Sensory ability, perception, and behavior are closely linked. Horses and humans share the five most common sensory modalities, however, their ranges and capacities differ, so that horses are unlikely to perceive their surroundings in a similar manner to humans. Understanding equine perceptual abilities and their differences is important when horses and human interact, as these abilities are pivotal for the response of the horse to any changes in its surroundings. This review aims to provide an overview of the current knowledge on the sensory abilities of horses. The information is discussed within an evolutionary context and also includes a practical perspective, outlining potential ways to mitigate risks of injuries and enhance positive horse-human interactions. The equine sensory apparatus includes panoramic visual capacities with acuities similar to those of red-green color-blind humans as well as aural abilities that, in some respects exceed human hearing and a highly developed sense of smell, all of which influence how horses react in various situations. Equine sensitivity to touch has been studied surprisingly sparingly despite tactile stimulation being the major interface of horse training. We discuss the potential use of sensory enrichment/positive sensory stimulation to improve the welfare of horses in various situations e.g. using odors, touch or sound to enrich the environment or to appease horses. In addition, equine perception is affected by factors such as breed, individuality, age, and in some cases even color, emphasizing that different horses may need different types of management. Understanding the sensory abilities of horses is central to the emerging discipline of equitation science, which comprises the gamut of horse-human interactions. Therefore, sensory abilities continue to warrant scientific focus, with more research to enable us to understand different horses and their various needs. |
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2297-1769 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
6634 |
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| Author |
Bruns, A.; Waltert, M.; Khorozyan, I. |
| Title |
The effectiveness of livestock protection measures against wolves (Canis lupus) and implications for their co-existence with humans |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Global Ecology and Conservation |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
21 |
Issue |
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Pages |
e00868 |
| Keywords |
Carnivore; Depredation; Efficiency; Germany; Intervention; Predator |
| Abstract |
Wolves (Canis lupus) can kill domestic livestock resulting in intense conflicts with humans. Damage to livestock should be reduced to facilitate human-wolf coexistence and ensure positive outcomes of conservation efforts. Current knowledge on the effectiveness of livestock protection measures from wolves is limited and scattered in the literature. In this study, we compiled a dataset of 30 cases describing the application of 11 measures of protecting cattle and smaller livestock against wolves, estimated their effectiveness as a relative risk of damage, and identified the best measures for damage reduction. We found that: (1) lethal control and translocation were less effective than other measures, (2) deterrents, especially fladry which is a fence with ropes marked by hanging colored flags that sway in the wind and provide a visual warning signal, were more effective than guarding dogs; (3) deterrents, fencing, calving control and herding were very effective, but the last two measures included only one case each; and (4) protection of cattle was more effective than that of small stock (sheep and goats, or sheep only) and mixed cattle and small stock. In all of these cases, the relative risk of damage was reduced by 50-100%. Considering Germany as an example of a country with a recovering wolf population and escalating human-wolf conflicts, we suggest electric fences and electrified fladry as the most promising measures, which under suitable conditions can be accompanied by well-trained livestock guarding dogs, and the temporary use of deterrents during critical periods such as calving and lambing seasons. Further research in this field is of paramount importance to efficiently mitigate human-wolf conflicts. |
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2351-9894 |
ISBN |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
6641 |
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| Author |
Bödeker, E. |
| Title |
Maultierzucht und Maultierhaltung |
Type |
Book Whole |
| Year |
1908 |
Publication |
Handbuch der gesamten Landwirtschaft. |
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| Volume |
3 |
Issue |
46 |
Pages |
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Max Jänecke |
Place of Publication |
Hannover |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
6545 |
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Seghrouchni, M.; Elkasraoui, H.; Piro, M.; Alyakine, H.; Bouayad, H.; Chakir, J.; Tligui, N.; Elallali, K.; Azrib, R. |
| Title |
Osteoarticular radiographic findings of the distal forelimbs in Tbourida Horses |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2019 |
Publication |
Heliyon |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
5 |
Issue |
9 |
Pages |
e02514 |
| Keywords |
Animal science; Pathophysiology; Animal behavior; Animal breeding; Veterinary medicine; Veterinary science; Horse; Radiographic findings; Forelimb; X-ray; Tbourida |
| Abstract |
Tbourida is a traditional Moroccan equestrian sport in which 15 horses gallop 200 m in a line while riders fire into the sky with muskets. The stop is the finale and representative demands of this equestrian event. Such particular sudden stop after a fast gallop requires a hyperextension of the metacarpophalangeal joint. Indeed, it is well known that Tbourida show predisposes horses to different injuries of the hard and soft tissues of the distal forelimbs. Yet, there is a paucity of research that examined such lesions. The aim of the present study was to investigate for the first time the type and the prevalence of osteoarticular findings in the distal forelimbs of Tbourida horses using radiographic images. The study was conducted on 127 Tbourida horses aged between 2.5 and 15 years old with 6-year-old horses being the most affected. Data analysis showed that 93,7% of horses exhibit degenerative joint lesions of the fetlock, 86,6% showed ossification of the ungual cartilage, 78,7% had enthesophytes associated with the deep digital flexor tendons, 81,1% had enthesophytes associated with the suspensory ligament branches, and 19,6% showed a particular exostosis on the first phalanx. This large number of lesions reflects how this sport is difficult for horses and also argues that animals are suffering from a lack of welfare and care in their husbandry management. |
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2405-8440 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
6672 |
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Jarausch, A.; Harms, V.; Kluth, G.; Reinhardt, I.; Nowak, C. |
| Title |
How the west was won: genetic reconstruction of rapid wolf recolonization into Germany's anthropogenic landscapes |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Heredity |
Abbreviated Journal |
Heredity |
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Pages |
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Following massive persecution and eradication, strict legal protection facilitated a successful reestablishment of wolf packs in Germany, which has been ongoing since 2000. Here, we describe this recolonization process by mitochondrial DNA control-region sequencing, microsatellite genotyping and sex identification based on 1341 mostly non-invasively collected samples. We reconstructed the genealogy of German wolf packs between 2005 and 2015 to provide information on trends in genetic diversity, dispersal patterns and pack dynamics during the early expansion process. Our results indicate signs of a founder effect at the start of the recolonization. Genetic diversity in German wolves is moderate compared to other European wolf populations. Although dispersal among packs is male-biased in the sense that females are more philopatric, dispersal distances are similar between males and females once only dispersers are accounted for. Breeding with close relatives is regular and none of the six male wolves originating from the Italian/Alpine population reproduced. However, moderate genetic diversity and inbreeding levels of the recolonizing population are preserved by high sociality, dispersal among packs and several immigration events. Our results demonstrate an ongoing, rapid and natural wolf population expansion in an intensively used cultural landscape in Central Europe. |
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1365-2540 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Jarausch2021 |
Serial |
6638 |
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| Author |
Kuczaj, S. A; Makecha, R.; Trone, M.; Paulos, R. D; Ramos, J. A. |
| Title |
Role of Peers in Cultural Innovation and Cultural Transmission: Evidence from the Play of Dolphin Calves |
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Journal Article |
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2006 |
Publication |
International Journal of Comparative Psychology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Int. J. Comp. Psychol |
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19 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
223-240 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
6526 |
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Burke, C.; Rashman, M.; Wich, S.; Symons, A.; Theron, C.; Longmore, S. |
| Title |
Optimizing observing strategies for monitoring animals using drone-mounted thermal infrared cameras |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2019 |
Publication |
International Journal of Remote Sensing |
Abbreviated Journal |
International Journal of Remote Sensing |
| Volume |
40 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
439-467 |
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ABSTRACTThe proliferation of relatively affordable off-the-shelf drones offers great opportunities for wildlife monitoring and conservation. Similarly the recent reduction in the cost of thermal infrared cameras also offers new promise in this field, as they have the advantage over conventional RGB cameras of being able to distinguish animals based on their body heat and being able to detect animals at night. However, the use of drone-mounted thermal infrared cameras comes with several technical challenges. In this article, we address some of these issues, namely thermal contrast problems due to heat from the ground, absorption and emission of thermal infrared radiation by the atmosphere, obscuration by vegetation, and optimizing the flying height of drones for a best balance between covering a large area and being able to accurately image and identify animals of interest. We demonstrate the application of these methods with a case study using field data and make the first ever detection of the critically endangered riverine rabbit (Bunolagus monticularis) in thermal infrared data. We provide a web-tool so that the community can easily apply these techniques to other studies (http://www.astro.ljmu.ac.uk/aricburk/uav_calc/). |
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Taylor & Francis |
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0143-1161 |
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doi: 10.1080/01431161.2018.1558372 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
6528 |
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Hartmann, E.; Bøe, K.E.; Jørgensen, G.H.M.; Mejdell, C.M.; Dahlborn, K. |
| Title |
Management of horses with focus on blanketing and clipping practices reported by members of the Swedish and Norwegian equestrian community1 |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2017 |
Publication |
Journal of Animal Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Anim Sci |
| Volume |
95 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
1104-1117 |
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| Abstract |
Limited information is available on the extent to which blankets are used on horses and the owners' reasoning behind clipping the horse's coat. Research on the effects of those practices on horse welfare is scarce but results indicate that blanketing and clipping may not be necessary from the horse's perspective and can interfere with the horse's thermoregulatory capacities. Therefore, this survey collected robust, quantitative data on the housing routines and management of horses with focus on blanketing and clipping practices as reported by members of the Swedish and Norwegian equestrian community. Horse owners were approached via an online survey, which was distributed to equestrian organizations and social media. Data from 4,122 Swedish and 2,075 Norwegian respondents were collected, of which 91 and 84% of respondents, respectively, reported using blankets on horses during turnout. Almost all respondents owning warmblood riding horses used blankets outdoors (97% in Sweden and 96% in Norway) whereas owners with Icelandic horses and coldblood riding horses used blankets significantly less (P < 0.05). Blankets were mainly used during rainy, cold, or windy weather conditions and in ambient temperatures of 10°C and below. The horse's coat was clipped by 67% of respondents in Sweden and 35% of Norwegian respondents whereby owners with warmblood horses and horses primarily used for dressage and competition reported clipping the coat most frequently. In contrast to scientific results indicating that recovery time after exercise increases with blankets and that clipped horses have a greater heat loss capacity, only around 50% of respondents agreed to these statements. This indicates that evidence-based information on all aspects of blanketing and clipping has not yet been widely distributed in practice. More research is encouraged, specifically looking at the effect of blankets on sweaty horses being turned out after intense physical exercise and the effect of blankets on social interactions such as mutual grooming. Future efforts should be tailored to disseminate knowledge more efficiently, which can ultimately stimulate thoughtful decision-making by horse owners concerning the use of blankets and clipping the horse's coat. |
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0021-8812 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
6615 |
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