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Author |
VanDierendonck, M.C.; de Vries, H.; Schilder, M.B.H.; Colenbrander, B.; Þorhallsdóttir, A.G. and Sigurjónsdóttir, H. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
Interventions in social behaviour in a herd of mares and geldings |
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Journal Article |
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2009 |
Publication ![sorted by Publication field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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116 |
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1 |
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67-73 |
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Horses; Social relationships; Interventions; Mares; Geldings; Play; Allogrooming; Social network |
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Social dynamics and maintenance of social cohesion were studied by analysing social interventions in two groups of horses consisting of adult mares, their offspring, adult geldings and sub-adults. The animals were observed for a total of 1316 h. All relevant dyadic and triadic social interactions, including initial behaviour, possible intervention and outcome, were recorded. The main question was: do horses use interventions in affiliative interactions to safeguard their social network? Horses were significantly more likely to intervene in allogrooming or play interactions that involved a preferred partner. The stronger the preferred association in allogrooming, the higher the likelihood the intervener took over allogrooming with an initial dyad member. Interveners originating from two newly introduced groups (n = 3 and 5), intervened significantly more often when a member of their own group allogroomed with an unfamiliar horse. In play, no correlation with unfamiliarity was found. Overall, the intervening horses stopped more than half of the initial allogrooming interactions, and a third of all interactions. Therefore, social facilitation cannot sufficiently explain interference behaviour. This study shows that maintaining relationships with preferred partners is important to horses and has implications for equine husbandry and management. |
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0168-1591 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4766 |
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Author |
Dugatkin, L.A.; Bekoff, M. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
Play and the evolution of fairness: a game theory model |
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Journal Article |
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2003 |
Publication ![sorted by Publication field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
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60 |
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3 |
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209-214 |
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Play; Fairness; Game theory |
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Bekoff [J. Consci. Stud. 8 (2001) 81] argued that mammalian social play is a useful behavioral phenotype on which to concentrate in order to learn more about the evolution of fairness. Here, we build a game theoretical model designed to formalize some of the ideas laid out by Bekoff, and to examine whether `fair' strategies can in fact be evolutionarily stable. The models we present examine fairness at two different developmental stages during an individual's ontogeny, and hence we create four strategies--fair at time 1/fair at time 2, not fair at time 1/not fair at time 2, fair at time 1/not fair at time 2, not fair at time 1/fair at time 2. Our results suggest that when considering species where fairness can be expressed during two different developmental stages, acting fairly should be more common than never acting fairly. In addition, when no one strategy was evolutionarily stable, we found that all four strategies we model can coexist at evolutionary equilibrium. Even in the absence of an overwhelming database from which to test our model, the general predictions we make have significant implications for the evolution of fairness. |
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Ord, T.J.; Evans, C.S. |
![find record details (via OpenURL) openurl](img/xref.gif)
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Interactive video playback and opponent assessment in lizards |
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Journal Article |
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2002 |
Publication ![sorted by Publication field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
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59 |
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2 |
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55-65 |
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Animal communication; Display; Lizard; Playback; Visual signal |
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Video playback has been used to explore many issues in animal communication, but the scope of this work has been constrained by the lack of stimulus-subject interaction. In many natural contexts, each participant's signalling behaviour is dependent from moment-to-moment on that of the other. Analyses of acoustic communication demonstrate the value of reproducing such social contingencies. We assessed the utility of interactive playback for studies of visual signalling by comparing the responses of male Jacky dragons, Amphibolurus muricatus, to interactive and non-interactive digital video playbacks of a life-sized conspecific. Displays produced by lizards in the interactive condition had the effect of suppressing the aggressive display of their simulated opponent. Each stimulus sequence generated during an interactive playback was subsequently played to a size-matched control animal. Males that could interact with the video stimulus responded principally with aggressive displays, while those that could not produced a mixture of aggressive and appeasement signals. Adding a degree of receiver responsiveness is hence sufficient to alter the type of signal evoked, even when video stimuli are physically identical. Interactive playback permits the experimental study of a broader range of theoretical topics and can enhance the realism of video stimuli. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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539 |
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Cloutier, S.; Newberry, R.C.; Honda, K. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
Comparison of social ranks based on worm-running and aggressive behaviour in young domestic fowl |
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Journal Article |
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2004 |
Publication ![sorted by Publication field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
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65 |
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1 |
Pages |
79-86 |
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Aggression; Social behaviour; Dominance; Play; Chickens; Animal welfare |
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Worm-running is behaviour in which a chick runs carrying a worm-like object while flock mates follow and attempt to grab the object from its beak. We hypothesised that social ranks based on worm-running frequency are stable over time and are positively correlated with social ranks based on success in aggressive interactions when older. At 8-12 days of age, we scored worm-running in 17 groups of 12 female White Leghorn chicks during three 10-min tests. Based on instantaneous scans at 5-s intervals, the bird carrying the `worm' most often was placed in rank one and so on down the rank order. These tests were repeated at 68-70 days of age. An aggression index for each bird was calculated as the number of aggressive acts given, divided by the number given and received, during three 1-h observation periods when the birds were 68-70 days. Ranks obtained in worm-running tests were positively correlated over the two age periods (P<0.05) but were not correlated with ranks based on the aggression index (P>0.05). Our results indicate that worm-running ranks are not predictive of success in aggressive interactions. Instead, worm-running fits some criteria for play. |
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2090 |
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Author |
de Waal, F.B.; Johanowicz, D.L. |
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Title |
Modification of reconciliation behavior through social experience: an experiment with two macaque species |
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1993 |
Publication ![sorted by Publication field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
Child development |
Abbreviated Journal |
Child Dev |
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64 |
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3 |
Pages |
897-908 |
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Aggression; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Female; Grooming; *Macaca; *Macaca mulatta; Male; Play and Playthings; *Socialization; Vocalization, Animal |
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Reconciliation, defined as a friendly reunion between former opponents shortly after an aggressive encounter, is common in the stumptail macaque (Macaca arctoides) but rare in the rhesus macaque (M. mulatta). Juveniles of the two species were cohoused for 5 months, after which they were observed with conspecifics only. Control rhesus monkeys, matched in age and sex to the experimental subjects, went through the same procedure without exposure to the other species. A threefold increase in the proportion of reconciled fights was measured in the rhesus subjects. The difference emerged gradually during cohousing with the tutor species and was sustained following removal of this species. Other behavior, such as grooming and aggression, decreased over time. It is suggested that the social attitude of the subjects was affected through contact with a species characterized by a more relaxed dominance style. |
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Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison |
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0009-3920 |
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PMID:8339702 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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209 |
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Author |
Rubenstein, D. I.; Hack, M. A. |
![find record details (via OpenURL) openurl](img/xref.gif)
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Title |
Horse signals: The sounds and scents of fury |
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Journal Article |
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1992 |
Publication ![sorted by Publication field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
Evolutionary Ecology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Evol. Ecol. |
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6 |
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3 |
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254-260 |
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ommunication – combat – fighting ability – individual identity – signals – information – assessment – displays |
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During contests animals typically exchange information about fighting ability. Among feral horses these signals involve olfactory or acoustical elements and each type can effectively terminate contests before physical contact becomes necessary. Dung transplant experiments show that for stallions, irrespective of rank, olfactory signals such as dung sniffing encode information about familiarity suggesting that such signals can be used as signatures. As such they can provide indirect information about fighting ability as long as opponents associate identity with past performance. Play-back experiments, however, show that vocalizations, such as squeals, directly provide information about status regardless of stallion familiarity. Sonographs reveal that squeals of dominants are longer than those of subordinates and that only those of dominants have at their onset high-frequency components. |
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506 |
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Rumbaugh, D.M.; Riesen, A.H.; Wright, S.C. |
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Creative responsiveness to objects: a report of a pilot study with young apes |
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1972 |
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Folia Primatologica; International Journal of Primatology |
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Folia Primatol (Basel) |
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17 |
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5 |
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397-403 |
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Animals; *Creativeness; *Hominidae; Pan troglodytes; Play and Playthings; *Problem Solving |
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0015-5713 |
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PMID:5082622 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4183 |
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Flack, J.C.; Jeannotte, L.A.; de Waal, F.B.M. |
![find record details (via OpenURL) openurl](img/xref.gif)
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Title |
Play signaling and the perception of social rules by juvenile chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) |
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Journal Article |
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2004 |
Publication ![sorted by Publication field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983) |
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J Comp Psychol |
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118 |
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2 |
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149-159 |
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Age Factors; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Female; Male; Pan troglodytes; *Play and Playthings; Recognition (Psychology); *Signal Detection (Psychology); *Social Perception |
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Prescriptive social rules are enforced statistical regularities. The authors investigated whether juvenile chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) recognize and use enforced statistical regularities to guide dyadic play behavior. They hypothesized (a) that proximity of adults, especially mothers of younger play partners, to play bouts will increase the play signaling of older partners and (b) that when juvenile-juvenile play bouts occur in proximity to adults, older partners will play at a lower intensity than when no adults are present. They found that older and younger partners increase their play signaling in the presence of the mothers of younger partners, particularly as the intensity of play bouts increases. In contrast to their hypothesis, older partners played more roughly when the mothers of younger partners were in proximity. These results suggest that juvenile chimpanzees increase play signaling to prevent termination of the play bouts by mothers of younger partners. |
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Santa Fe Institute, NM 97501, USA. jflack@santafe.edu |
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0735-7036 |
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PMID:15250802 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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172 |
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Author |
Hausberger, M.; Fureix, C. |
![find record details (via OpenURL) openurl](img/xref.gif)
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Title |
On the significance of puzzling behaviours: what do yawning and adult play tell us about horse (Equus caballus) welfare? |
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Conference Article |
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2012 |
Publication ![sorted by Publication field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
Proceedings of the 2. International Equine Science Meeting |
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Proc. 2. Int. Equine. Sci. Mtg |
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in press |
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welfare indicators, yawning, adult play, altered welfare, horse |
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Some behaviours remain a mystery and their determinants are still uncertain. Here we propose a critical interpretation of two puzzling behaviours, i.e. yawning and adult play, recorded in large samples of domestic horses kept in sub-optimal conditions (e.g. time-restricted feeding practices, social isolation). Yawning is involved in behavioural state changes, especially in quiet contexts of motor relaxation, but seems also to be triggered by stress and emotional contexts. Thus, we investigated specific correlates of yawning and stereotypic behaviours in two large samples of working horses (n1 = 87, n2 = 59). A clear co-occurrences of yawning and stereotypic behaviours appeared: stereotypic horses yawned more than the non-stereotypic horses (Fisher test, p < 0.02), yawning increased at the same time periods as stereotypic behaviours did (Wilcoxon tests, p < 0.05 to 0.001) and yawning frequency was even sometimes positively correlated with stereotypic behaviour frequencies (Spearman correlations, p < 0.005). Play, more typical of young stages in healthy individuals, occurs rarely at adult stages but then more often in captive/domestic animals (which can be challenging to welfare) than in animals living in natural conditions. Thus, we tested the hypothesis that adult play may reflect altered welfare states in horses, where, as in several species, play rarely occurs at adult stages in natural conditions. We observed the behaviour (in particular social play) of 29 adult riding school horses during occasional outings in a paddock and measured several stress indicators (health-related, behavioural and physiological) when these horses were in their home individual boxes. Results revealed that the number of horses and rates of adult play appeared very high compared to field report data and that most stress indicators measured differed between “players” and “non-players”, revealing that most “playful” animals were more prone to suffer from chronic stress contrarily to “non-playful” horses (Fisher, Chi-square, Mann-Whitney and Spearman correlation tests, p < 0.05 to 0.001). Altogether, these results show that yawning and adult play can both reflect altered welfare states in horses, highlighting that these puzzling behaviours should not be considered, as currently thought, as reliable indicators of good welfare states and / or expression of positive emotions. |
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Hausberger, M. |
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Xenophon Publishing |
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Wald |
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Krueger, K. |
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978-3-9808134-26 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5516 |
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Author |
Proops, L.; McComb, K.; Reby, D. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
Cross-modal individual recognition in domestic horses (Equus caballus) |
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Journal Article |
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2009 |
Publication ![sorted by Publication field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |
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Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |
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106 |
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3 |
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947-951 |
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animal cognition vocal communication social behavior playback experiment expectancy violation |
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Individual recognition is considered a complex process and, although it is believed to be widespread across animal taxa, the cognitive mechanisms underlying this ability are poorly understood. An essential feature of individual recognition in humans is that it is cross-modal, allowing the matching of current sensory cues to identity with stored information about that specific individual from other modalities. Here, we use a cross-modal expectancy violation paradigm to provide a clear and systematic demonstration of cross-modal individual recognition in a nonhuman animal: the domestic horse. Subjects watched a herd member being led past them before the individual went of view, and a call from that or a different associate was played from a loudspeaker positioned close to the point of disappearance. When horses were shown one associate and then the call of a different associate was played, they responded more quickly and looked significantly longer in the direction of the call than when the call matched the herd member just seen, an indication that the incongruent combination violated their expectations. Thus, horses appear to possess a cross-modal representation of known individuals containing unique auditory and visual/olfactory information. Our paradigm could provide a powerful way to study individual recognition across a wide range of species. |
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10.1073/pnas.0809127105 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4689 |
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