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Author | McGreevy, P.D.; Harman, A.; McLean, A.; Hawson, L. | ||||
Title | Over-flexing the horse's neck: A modern equestrian obsession? | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2010 | Publication | Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research | Abbreviated Journal | Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research |
Volume | 5 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 180-186 |
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Abstract | We used an opportunistic review of photographs of different adult and juvenile horses walking, trotting, and cantering (n = 828) to compare the angle of the nasal plane relative to vertical in feral and domestic horses at liberty (n = 450) with ridden horses advertised in a popular Australian horse magazine (n = 378). We assumed that horses in advertisements were shown at, what was perceived by the vendors to be, their best. Of the ridden horses, 68% had their nasal plane behind the vertical. The mean angle of the unridden horses at walk, trot, and canter (30.7 ± 11.5; 27.3 ± 12.0; 25.5 ± 11.0) was significantly greater than those of the ridden horses (1.4 ± 14.1; ?5.1 ± ?11.1; 3.1 ± 15.4, P < 0.001). Surprisingly, unridden domestic horses showed greater angles than feral horses or domestic horses at liberty. We compared adult and juvenile horses in all 3 gaits and found no significant difference. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that the longitudinal neck flexion of the degree desirable by popular opinion in ridden horses is not a common feature of unridden horses moving naturally. Moreover, they suggest that advertised horses in our series are generally being ridden at odds with their natural carriage and contrary to the international rules of dressage (as published by the International Equestrian Federation). These findings are discussed against the backdrop of the established doctrine, which states that carrying a rider necessitates changes in longitudinal flexion, and in the context of the current debate around hyperflexion. | ||||
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Publisher | Elsevier | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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ISSN | 1558-7878 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | doi: 10.1016/j.jveb.2010.03.004 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 6501 | ||
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Author | Tomkins, L.M.; Williams, K.A.; Thomson, P.C.; McGreevy, P.D. | ||||
Title | Sensory Jump Test as a measure of sensory (visual) lateralization in dogs (Canis familiaris) | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2010 | Publication | Journal of Veterinary Behavior | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 5 | Issue | 5 | Pages | 256-267 |
Keywords | sensory lateralization; monocular vision; binocular vision; jump kinematics; dog | ||||
Abstract | Sensory lateralization in dogs (n = 74) was investigated in this study using our innovation, the Sensory Jump Test. This required the modification of head halters to create three different ocular treatments (binocular, right, and left monocular vision) for eye preference assessment in a jumping task. Ten jumps were recorded as a jump set for each treatment. Measurements recorded included (i) launch and landing paws, (ii) type of jump, (iii) approach distance, (iv) clearance height of the forepaw, hindpaw, and the lowest part of the body to clear the jump, and (v) whether the jump was successful. Factors significantly associated with these jump outcomes included ocular treatment, jump set number, and replication number. Most notably, in the first jump set, findings indicated a left hemispheric dominance for the initial navigation of the Sensory Jump Test, as left monocular vision (LMV) compromised of jumping more than right monocular (RMV) and binocular vision, with a significantly reduced approach distance and forepaw clearance observed in dogs with LMV. However, by the third jump set, dogs undergoing LMV launched from a greater approach distance and with a higher clearance height, corresponding to an increase in success rate of the jump, in comparison with RMV and binocular vision dogs. A marginally non-significant RMV bias was observed for eye preference based on the laterality indices for approach distance (P = 0.060) and lowest body part clearance height (P = 0.067). A comparison between eye preference and launching or landing paws showed no association between these measures of sensory and motor laterality. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report on sensory lateralization in the dog, and furthermore, to compare both motor and sensory laterality in dogs. | ||||
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ISSN | 1558-7878 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ S1558-7878(10)00019-5 | Serial | 5379 | ||
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Author | McGreevy, P.D.; McLean, A.N. | ||||
Title | Punishment in horse-training and the concept of ethical equitation | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2009 | Publication | Journal of Veterinary Behavior | Abbreviated Journal | J. Vet. Behav. |
Volume | 4 | Issue | 5 | Pages | 193-197 |
Keywords | conditioning; welfare; ethical equitation; horse; punishment; training | ||||
Abstract | By definition, punishment makes a response less likely in the future. Because horses are largely trained by negative reinforcement, they are susceptible to inadvertent punishment. Delays in the release of pressure can make desirable responses less likely and thus punish them. This study examines the correct use of negative reinforcement and identifies a continuum between poorly timed negative reinforcement and punishment. It explores some of the problems of non-contingent punishment and the prospect of learned helplessness and experimental neurosis. It concludes by introducing the concept of ethical equitation. | ||||
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ISSN | 1558-7878 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 6599 | ||
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Author | Hartmann, E.; Christensen, J.W.; McGreevy, P.D. | ||||
Title | Dominance and leadership: Useful concepts in human-horse interactions? | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | Publication | Journal of Equine Veterinary Science | Abbreviated Journal | Journal of Equine Veterinary Science | |
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Abstract | Dominance hierarchies in horses primarily influence priority access to limited resources of any kind, resulting in predictable contest outcomes that potentially minimize aggressive encounters and associated risk of injury. Levels of aggression in group-kept horses under domestic conditions have been reported to be higher than in their feral counterparts but can often be attributed to sub-optimal management. Horse owners often express concerns about the risk of injuries occurring in group-kept horses but these concerns have not been substantiated by empirical investigations. What has not yet been sufficiently addressed are human safety aspects related to approaching and handling group-kept horses. Given horses? natural tendency to synchronize activity to promote group cohesion, questions remain about how group dynamics influence human-horse interactions. Group dynamics influence a variety of management scenarios, ranging from taking a horse out of its social group to the prospect of humans mimicking the horse?s social system by taking a putative leadership role and seeking after an alpha position in the dominance hierarchy to achieve compliance. Yet, there is considerable debate about whether the roles horses attain in their social group are of any relevance in their reactions to humans. This article reviews the empirical data on social dynamics in horses, focusing on dominance and leadership theories and the merits of incorporating those concepts into the human-horse context. This will provide a constructive framework for informed debate and valuable guidance for owners managing group-kept horses and for optimizing human-horse interactions. | ||||
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Publisher | Elsevier | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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ISSN | 0737-0806 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2017.01.015 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 6048 | ||
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Author | Hartmann, E.; Christensen, J.W.; McGreevy, P.D. | ||||
Title | Dominance and Leadership: Useful Concepts in Human-Horse Interactions? | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2017 | Publication | Journal of Equine Veterinary Science | Abbreviated Journal | Proceedings of the 2017 Equine Science Symposium |
Volume | 52 | Issue | Pages | 1-9 | |
Keywords | Horse; Social order; Dominance hierarchy; Aggression; Injury; Learning; Training | ||||
Abstract | Dominance hierarchies in horses primarily influence priority access to limited resources of any kind, resulting in predictable contest outcomes that potentially minimize aggressive encounters and associated risk of injury. Levels of aggression in group-kept horses under domestic conditions have been reported to be higher than in their feral counterparts but can often be attributed to suboptimal management. Horse owners often express concerns about the risk of injuries occurring in group-kept horses, but these concerns have not been substantiated by empirical investigations. What has not yet been sufficiently addressed are human safety aspects related to approaching and handling group-kept horses. Given horse's natural tendency to synchronize activity to promote group cohesion, questions remain about how group dynamics influence human-horse interactions. Group dynamics influence a variety of management scenarios, ranging from taking a horse out of its social group to the prospect of humans mimicking the horse's social system by taking a putative leadership role and seeking after an alpha position in the dominance hierarchy to achieve compliance. Yet, there is considerable debate about whether the roles horses attain in their social group are of any relevance in their reactions to humans. This article reviews the empirical data on social dynamics in horses, focusing on dominance and leadership theories and the merits of incorporating those concepts into the human-horse context. This will provide a constructive framework for informed debate and valuable guidance for owners managing group-kept horses and for optimizing human-horse interactions. | ||||
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ISSN | 0737-0806 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 6712 | ||
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Author | Warren-Smith, A.K.; McGreevy, P.D. | ||||
Title | Preliminary investigations into the ethological relevance of round-pen (round-yard) training of horses | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2008 | Publication | Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 11 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 285-298 |
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Abstract | Recently, training horses within round-pens has increased in popularity. Practitioners often maintain that the responses they elicit from horses are similar to signals used with senior conspecifics. To audit the responses of horses to conspecifics, 6 mare-young-horse dyads, this study introduced them to each other in a round-pen and videoed them for 8 min. These dyads spent significantly more time farther than 10 m apart than they did less than 1 m apart (p < .001). The time they spent less than 1 m apart decreased over the 8-min test period (p = .018). Mares occupied the center of the round-pen and chased youngsters for 0.73% of the test period (p < .001). Mares made all agonistic approaches (p < .001), and youngsters (p = .018) made all investigative approaches. Head lowering and licking-and-chewing were exhibited most when the youngsters were facing away from the mares (p < .001). The frequency of head lowering increased during the test period (p = .027), whereas the frequency of licking-and-chewing did not change. The results bring into question the popular interpretation and ethological relevance of equine responses commonly described in round-pen training and show that mares did not condition young horses to remain in close proximity to them. | ||||
Address | Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia | ||||
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Notes | Cited By (since 1996): 1; Export Date: 13 November 2008; Source: Scopus | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4657 | ||
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Author | Goodwin, D.; McGreevy, P.D.; Heleski, C.; Randle, H.; Waran, N. | ||||
Title | Equitation science: The application of science in equitation | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2008 | Publication | Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 11 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 185-190 |
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Address | School of Natural Sciences, Unitec, New Zealand | ||||
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Notes | Export Date: 13 November 2008; Source: Scopus | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4656 | ||
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Author | McGreevy, P.D. | ||||
Title | Development and Resolution of Behavioural Problems with the | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | Publication | Havemeier Workshop | Abbreviated Journal | ||
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Abstract | The ideals of equestrian technique combine art and science. Therefore students of equitation encounter measurable variables such as rhythm, tempo and impulsion alongside more ethereal ones such as outline and harmony. This mixture accounts for many of the idiosyncrasies of equestrianism including the subjective scoring of performance in dressage tests, the elusiveness of perfection even at an elite level of competition and the difficulty of expressing equestrian technique in empirical terms (Roberts, 1992). This chapter will describe and offer examples of the unwelcome behavioural responses horses produce under saddle. Two broad sections are then proposed to allow the reader to consider unwelcome behavioural responses caused directly by humans as distinct from those attributable more to the horse than the rider. Ultimately the responsibility for problems in the ridden horse lies with humans since we have undertaken the domestication and exploitation of equids. Therefore it is accepted that the dichotomy is not absolute. The chapter closes with a |
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 471 | ||
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Author | McGreevy, P.D.; Nicol, C.J. | ||||
Title | Prevention of crib-biting: a review | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1998 | Publication | Equine veterinary journal. Supplement | Abbreviated Journal | Equine Vet J Suppl |
Volume | Issue | 27 | Pages | 35-38 | |
Keywords | Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Horse Diseases/*prevention & control/psychology; Horses; *Stereotyped Behavior | ||||
Abstract | Crib-biting is a common oral stereotype. Because of perceived deleterious effects on the health and appearance of subjects the prevention of crib-biting is regularly attempted. The resourcefulness of horses in satisfying their motivation to perform this behaviour often frustrates owners' efforts at prevention. This paper reviews the efficacy and observable consequences of attempting to prevent crib-biting by a variety of methods. These include attempts to prevent the grasping of objects, to interfere with air-engulfing and to introduce punishment for grasping and neck-flexion. Other approaches include the use of surgery, acupuncture, pharmaceuticals, operant feeding and environmental enrichment. A remedy that is effective for every crib-biter remains elusive. We conclude that, rather than concentrating on remedial prevention, further research should be directed at establishing why horses crib-bite and how the emergence of crib-biting can be avoided. | ||||
Address | Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, UK | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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Notes | PMID:10485002 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 87 | ||
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Author | McGreevy, P.D.; Nicol, C.J. | ||||
Title | The effect of short-term prevention on the subsequent rate of crib-biting in thoroughbred horses | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1998 | Publication | Equine veterinary journal. Supplement | Abbreviated Journal | Equine Vet J Suppl |
Volume | Issue | 27 | Pages | 30-34 | |
Keywords | Analysis of Variance; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Horse Diseases/*prevention & control/psychology; Horses; Male; Recurrence; *Stereotyped Behavior; Videotape Recording | ||||
Abstract | The results of an experimental study of the motivational consequences of short-term prevention of crib-biting are reported here. Eight test horses wore a cribbing collar for 24 h. This was effective in preventing crib-biting in 6 subjects. Using analysis of co-variance that accounted for baseline differences in crib-biting rate, test horses showed significantly more crib-biting than control horses on the first day after prevention (P < 0.05). There was also a highly significant increase in the crib-biting rate of test horses on the first day after prevention in comparison with their baseline rate (P < 0.01). This defines the increase as a post inhibitory rebound. An increase in the novelty of the cribbing bar and an increase in feeding motivation during the period of prevention are rejected as explanations of the rebound in this study. Instead, it is suggested that the rebound reflected a rise in internal motivation to crib-bite during the period of prevention. Behaviours that exhibit this pattern of motivation are generally considered functional; and it has been argued that their prevention may compromise welfare. | ||||
Address | Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, UK | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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Notes | PMID:10485001 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 88 | ||
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