| Records |
| Author |
Elsaesser, F.; Klobasa, F.; Ellendorff, F. |
| Title |
ACTH stimulation test for the determination of salivary cortisol and of cortisol responses as markers of the training status/fitness of warm-blooded sports horses] |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2001 |
Publication |
DTW. Deutsche Tierarztliche Wochenschrift |
Abbreviated Journal |
Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr |
| Volume |
108 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
31-36 |
| Keywords |
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/*diagnostic use; Animals; Health; Horses/*physiology; Hydrocortisone/*analysis/*secretion; Male; Orchiectomy; *Physical Conditioning, Animal; Running; Saliva/*chemistry; Walking |
| Abstract |
Previous work (Marc et al., 2000) suggested that plasma cortisol responses to treadmill exercise or ACTH injection are a reliable marker for performance evaluation in warmblood horses. For practical purposes blood sample collections and treadmill exercise tests are somewhat troublesome and time consuming. The goal of this study was thus to evaluate the use of saliva for cortisol determination (by direct EIA) as a marker for performance and to investigate the reliability and repeatability of plasma cortisol responses to a single i.v. injection of ACTH (50 micrograms or 250 micrograms). Furthermore, the effect of training horses for 8 weeks 3 times per week covering the same distance (increasing from 3.5 km during the first week to 8 km during the last week) either by trotting (approximately 240 m/min) or by cantering (375 m/min) was investigated. For this purpose initially ten four-year-old Hannovarian geldings, all reared in the same State stud, were used. Mean overall correlation between salivary cortisol and plasma cortisol concentrations was 0.64 when samples of various points of time were used. However, in spite of attempts to standardize saliva sample collection, correlation between salivary cortisol levels and plasma cortisol levels at distinct points of time in different tests were low and significant (r = 0.85, p < 0.02) only in one test. Thus, salivary cortisol measurements for diagnostic purposes are not reliable or useful. The repeatability of plasma cortisol responses to ACTH for untrained and trained horses were r = 0.86 and r = 0.8 respectively (p < or = 0.01 and p < or = 0.05 respectively). Training horses either by trotting or cantering did not affect the cortisol response either to treadmill exercise or to stimulation by ACTH. It is concluded that the relationship between salivary cortisol levels and plasma cortisol levels is not close enough to allow the use of salivary cortisol determination as marker of the training status/fitness of horses. The repeatability of the cortisol response to ACTH is similar to the cortisol response to treadmill exercise. Based on plasma cortisol responses to ACTH or treadmill exercise training horses by cantering at low speed is not superior to training by trotting for the fitness of horses. |
| Address |
Institut fur Tierzucht und Tierverhalten Mariensee (FAL), Holtystrasse 10, 31535 Neustadt. elsaesser@tzv.fal.de |
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| Language |
German |
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Original Title |
ACTH Stimulationstest und Bestimmung von Cortisol im Blut und Speichel zur Bewertung des Trainingszustands/der Kondition beim Warmblutpferd |
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| ISSN |
0341-6593 |
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| Notes |
PMID:11232423 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4053 |
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| Author |
Carroll, J.; Murphy, C.J.; Neitz, M.; Hoeve, J.N.; Neitz, J. |
| Title |
Photopigment basis for dichromatic color vision in the horse |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Journal of Vision |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Vis |
| Volume |
1 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
80-87 |
| Keywords |
Adaptation, Physiological; Animals; Color Perception/*physiology; Cones (Retina)/chemistry/*physiology; Electroretinography; Horses/*physiology; Photic Stimulation; Phototransduction/physiology; Retinal Pigments/analysis/*physiology; Visual Perception/physiology |
| Abstract |
Horses, like other ungulates, are active in the day, at dusk, dawn, and night; and, they have eyes designed to have both high sensitivity for vision in dim light and good visual acuity under higher light levels (Walls, 1942). Typically, daytime activity is associated with the presence of multiple cone classes and color-vision capacity (Jacobs, 1993). Previous studies in other ungulates, such as pigs, goats, cows, sheep and deer, have shown that they have two spectrally different cone types, and hence, at least the photopigment basis for dichromatic color vision (Neitz & Jacobs, 1989; Jacobs, Deegan II, Neitz, Murphy, Miller, & Marchinton, 1994; Jacobs, Deegan II, & Neitz, 1998). Here, electroretinogram flicker photometry was used to measure the spectral sensitivities of the cones in the domestic horse (Equus caballus). Two distinct spectral mechanisms were identified and are consistent with the presence of a short-wavelength-sensitive (S) and a middle-to-long-wavelength-sensitive (M/L) cone. The spectral sensitivity of the S cone was estimated to have a peak of 428 nm, while the M/L cone had a peak of 539 nm. These two cone types would provide the basis for dichromatic color vision consistent with recent results from behavioral testing of horses (Macuda & Timney, 1999; Macuda & Timney, 2000; Timney & Macuda, 2001). The spectral peak of the M/L cone photopigment measured here, in vivo, is similar to that obtained when the gene was sequenced, cloned, and expressed in vitro (Yokoyama & Radlwimmer, 1999). Of the ungulates that have been studied to date, all have the photopigment basis for dichromatic color vision; however, they differ considerably from one another in the spectral tuning of their cone pigments. These differences may represent adaptations to the different visual requirements of different species. |
| Address |
Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA |
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English |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
1534-7362 |
ISBN |
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Medium |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
PMID:12678603 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4060 |
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| Author |
Creel, S. |
| Title |
Social dominance and stress hormones |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Trends in Ecology & Evolution |
Abbreviated Journal |
Trends. Ecol. Evol |
| Volume |
16 |
Issue |
9 |
Pages |
491-497 |
| Keywords |
Dominance; rank; stress; glucocorticoids; cooperative breeding; sociality; behavioural endocrinology; mammals |
| Abstract |
In most cooperatively breeding birds and mammals, reproductive rates are lower for social subordinates than for dominants, and it is common for reproduction in subordinates to be completely suppressed. Early research conducted in captivity showed that losing fights can increase glucocorticoid (GC) secretion, a general response to stress. Because GCs can suppress reproduction, it has been widely argued that chronic stress might underlie reproductive suppression of social subordinates in cooperative breeders. Contradicting this hypothesis, recent studies of cooperative breeders in the wild show that dominant individuals have elevated GCs more often than do subordinates. The findings that elevated GCs can be a consequence of subordination or a cost of dominance complicate the conventional view of social stress, with broad ramifications for the evolution of dominance and reproductive suppression. |
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Approved |
no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4072 |
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| Author |
Doutrelant, C.; McGregor, P. K.; Oliveira, R. F. |
| Title |
The effect of an audience on intrasexual communication in male Siamese fighting fish, Betta splendens |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Behavioral Ecology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Ecol. |
| Volume |
12 |
Issue |
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Pages |
283-286 |
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Approved |
no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4224 |
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| Author |
Fleurance,Géraldine; Duncan ,Patrick; Mallevaud, Bruno |
| Title |
Daily intake and the selection of feeding sites by horses in heterogeneous wet grasslands |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2001 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Res. |
| Volume |
50 |
Issue |
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Pages |
149-156 |
| Keywords |
horse / intake / grassland / heterogeneity / wetland cheval / ingestion / prairie / hétérogénéité / zone humide |
| Abstract |
In spite of the importance of grazed forage in horse nutrition, little information is available on their daily intake at pasture. We determined the intake of 4 non-breeding mares of a heavy breed (average body weight = 674 kg), grazing during the summer in heterogeneous natural grasslands of the Marais Poitevin (France), an internationally important wetland where grazing is an essential process which maintains biodiversity. The mares ate large quantities of forage (21.9 $pm$ 2.4 kg of organic matter per day, i.e. 166.2 $pm$ 20.8 g of organic matter per kg LW0.75 per day) in comparison with previous published values and with the estimated requirements of these horses. The use of the vegetation was very selective, the mares spent about 70% of their feeding time on short grass lawns (sward surface $leq$ 4 cm, biomass < 100 g$cdot$m-2), that represented only 10% of the area. This behaviour maintained the plants at young growing stages which are of better quality than ungrazed plants. These results are discussed in relation to the dynamics of the plant communities. |
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horse / intake / grassland / heterogeneity / wetland |
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Approved |
no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4238 |
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| Author |
van der Kolk, J.H.; Nachreiner, R.F.; Schott, H.C.; Refsal, K.R.; Zanella, A.J. |
| Title |
Salivary and plasma concentration of cortisol in normal horses and horses with Cushing's disease |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Equine Veterinary Journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
Equine Vet J |
| Volume |
33 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
211-213 |
| Keywords |
Adrenal Cortex Function Tests/standards/veterinary; Animals; Cushing Syndrome/diagnosis/metabolism/*veterinary; Female; Horse Diseases/blood/*diagnosis/metabolism; Horses/blood/*metabolism; Hydrocortisone/blood/*metabolism; Male; Predictive Value of Tests; Reference Values; Saliva/*metabolism |
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| Address |
Department of Large Animal Medicine and Nutrition, Veterinary Faculty, Utrecht University, The Netherlands |
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English |
Summary Language |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0425-1644 |
ISBN |
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Medium |
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| Notes |
PMID:11266074 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4281 |
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| Author |
Schaefer, M.L.; Young, D.A.; Restrepo, D. |
| Title |
Olfactory Fingerprints for Major Histocompatibility Complex-Determined Body Odors |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2001 |
Publication |
J. Neurosci. |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
21 |
Issue |
7 |
Pages |
2481-2487 |
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| Abstract |
Recognition of individual body odors is analogous to human face recognition in that it provides information about identity. Individual body odors determined by differences at the major histocompatibility complex (MHC or H-2) have been shown to influence mate choice, pregnancy block, and maternal behavior in mice. Unfortunately, the mechanism and extent of the main olfactory bulb (MOB) and accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) involvement in the discrimination of animals according to H-2-type has remained ambiguous. Here we study the neuronal activation patterns evoked in the MOB in different individuals on exposure to these complex, biologically meaningful sensory stimuli. We demonstrate that body odors from H-2 disparate mice evoke overlapping but distinct maps of neuronal activation in the MOB. The spatial patterns of odor-evoked activity are sufficient to be used like fingerprints to predict H-2 identity using a novel computer algorithm. These results provide functional evidence for discrimination of H-2-determined body odors in the MOB, but do not preclude a role for the AOB. These data further our understanding of the neural strategies used to decode socially relevant odors. N1 - |
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Approved |
no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4419 |
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| Author |
Malmgren, L.; Andresen, Ø.; Dalin, A.-M. |
| Title |
Effect of GnRH immunisation on hormonal levels, sexual behaviour, semen quality and testicular morphology in mature stallions |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Equine Veterinary Journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
Equine vet. J. |
| Volume |
33 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
75-83 |
| Keywords |
horse; GnRH; immunisation; stallion; testosterone; oestrone sulphate; sexual behaviour; semen quality |
| Abstract |
Summary The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) immunisation on mature stallions that had been used for breeding. Four Standardbred stallions were used in the study: 3 experimental animals and 1 control animal. Semen was collected regularly, i.e. twice/week, during the 4 months prior to the experimental period. The stallions were immunised against GnRH with a GnRH-BSA conjugate. Equimune was used as the adjuvant. The stallions were immunised on 5 occasions, 4 at 2 week intervals, and the fifth 4 weeks after the fourth. Blood samples were taken once a week for analysis of GnRH antibody titre and every third week for testosterone and oestrone sulphate analyses. Semen was collected once a week, and libido and sexual behaviour were observed. Ejaculate volume, sperm concentration, total number of sperm in the ejaculate, sperm motility and sperm morphology were evaluated. Testicular size was measured once a week. At the end of the study, the stallions were castrated, and a histological examination of the testes performed. All immunised stallions produced antibodies against GnRH, and plasma testosterone concentration decreased. However, the effect of immunisation varied between stallions. In 2 of the stallions, high levels of antibodies were found, while in the third, the level was moderate. Four weeks after the first immunisation, a decrease in libido was observed. Two months after the first immunisation, marked changes in semen quality were observed in the 2 stallions with high antibody titres. Fourteen weeks after the first immunisation, the total number of sperm/ejaculate had decreased from >8.6×109 to<2.7×109, sperm motility from >59 to<10% and the frequency of morphological normal spermatozoa had decreased from >60 to<14%. The dominating abnormalities were abnormal head shapes, proximal cytoplasmic droplets and detached heads. In the third stallion, only slight changes in semen quality were found. No changes were observed in the control stallion. Decreases in testicular size were noted in all of the experimental stallions. Pronounced histological alterations in the testes were observed in 2 of the stallions. It is concluded that the vaccine was effective in stimulating production of GnRH antibodies and in suppressing testicular function and androgen secretion. However, there was an individual variation in the responses among the stallions and, further, libido was not totally suppressed. |
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Blackwell Publishing Ltd |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
2042-3306 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5312 |
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| Author |
Baragli, P.; Tedeschi, D.; Masini, A.P.; Magnaghi, N.; Martelli, F.; Sighieri, C. |
| Title |
Estimation of performance in elite endurance horses by means of an exercise test in field conditions |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Ippologia |
Abbreviated Journal |
Valutazione della performance in cavalli da endurance di elite mediante test diesercizio in campo |
| Volume |
12 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
13-19 |
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| Abstract |
In human sports medicine exercise tests are normally used to check training progression. Correlation tests between blood lactate concentration and exercise speed are often used for this purpose. Studies have been done to adjust exercise tests for athletic horses using the same principle. The aim of this work was to verify the practical possibility that the anaerobic threshold in elite endurance horses could be calculated by adjusting a submaximal exercise field test in order to obtain reference parameters for endurance horses. Ten selected horses from the Italian National Endurance Team were used for this study. The tests were conducted on an 800 meters grass oval. Horses performed three steps (800 meters every step), at increasing speed with two minute intervals between each step. Riders were informed of the ideal speed for every step (5, 7.5, 10 m/s) and the real velocity was calculated on the basis of time taken to finish a single step. Blood samples were obtained via venipuncture from the jugular vein, immediately before the beginning of the test and 60 seconds after the end of each step. The following parameters were evaluated for each horse: individual anaerobic threshold (VSI), anaerobic threshold (V4) and exercise velocity corresponding to a lactate concentration of 2 mM/I (V2). Analysis of results indicate that lactate concentration is exponentially related to exercise speed for the entire test. VSI, V4, V2, were (mearttsd): 25.7±5.1; 30.5±2.5; 21.1±2.9 km/h respectively. |
| Address |
Dipto. Anat., Biochim. Fisiol. Vet., Univ. degli Studi di Pisa |
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| Notes |
Export Date: 13 November 2008; Source: Scopus |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4654 |
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| Author |
Kudo, H.; Dunbar, R.I.M. |
| Title |
Neocortex size and social network size in primates |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
62 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
711-722 |
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| Abstract |
Primates use social grooming to service coalitions and it has been suggested that these directly affect the fitness of their members by allowing them to reduce the intrinsic costs associated with living in large groups. We tested two hypotheses about the size of grooming cliques that derive from this suggestion: (1) that grooming clique size should correlate with relative neocortex size and (2) that the size of grooming cliques should be proportional to the size of the groups they have to support. Both predictions were confirmed, although we show that, in respect of neocortex size, there are as many as four statistically distinct grades within the primates (including humans). Analysis of the patterns of grooming among males and females suggested that large primate social groups often consist of a set of smaller female subgroups (in some cases, matrilinearly based coalitions) that are linked by individual males. This may be because males insert themselves into the interstices between weakly bonded female subgroups rather than because they actually hold these subunits together. |
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0003-3472 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4726 |
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