Healy, S., & Braithwaite, V. (2000). Cognitive ecology: a field of substance? Trends. Ecol. Evol, 15(1), 22–26.
Abstract: In 1993, Les Real invented the label 'cognitive ecology'. This label was intended for work that brought cognitive science and behavioural ecology together. Real's article stressed the importance of such an approach to the understanding of behaviour. At the end of a decade in which more interdisciplinary work on behaviour has been seen than for many years, it is time to assess whether cognitive ecology is a label describing an active field.
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Ayeni, J. S. O. (1975). Utilization of waterholes in Tsavo National Park (East). African Journal of Ecology, 13(3-4), 305–323.
Abstract: Summary Utilization of waterholes by wildlife was studied between April, 1973 and July, 1974 in Tsavo National Park (East), south of the Voi river. Seasonality was an important factor which influenced the various aspects of waterhole utilization. The numbers of the herbivores utilizing the waterholes increased during the dry season but fell during the rains. Some ungulates also moved near to the artificial waterholes in the dry season but moved away from them during the rains when they drank from natural water-holes formed in clay pans filled with rain water. A basic pattern of waterhole utilization dominated by small (adult-size) species during day-time 06.00–18.00 hours and larger species at night 18.00–06.00 hours is described. The separation in times of arrival and deparature peaks of waterhole utilization, and average coincidence of percentages of paired species populations are used to show that big-game attained a measure of time-spaced ecological separation at the waterholes. The water relations of some day-time and night-time drinkers are discussed. From the baseline study the management implications of the development of additional waterholes in the park are discussed.
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Conley W,. (1979). The potential for increase in horse and ass populations: A theoretical analysis. Symp Ecol and Behav of wild and feral Equids, Laramie, , 221–234.
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Ginsberg, J. R., & Rubenstein, D. I. (1990). Sperm competiton and variation in zebra mating behaviour. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol., 26(6), 427–434.
Abstract: Data are presented on the breeding behavior of two zebra species to test whether intra- and interspecific variation in male reproductive behavior and physiology are correlated with differences in female promiscuity. In one species, plains zebra (Equus burchelli) females live in closed membership single male groups and mate monandrously. In the other species, the Grevy's zebra (E. grevyi) females live in groups whose membership is much more temporary. Typically, associations with individual males are brief and mating is polyandrous. However, some females – those having just given birth – reside with one male for long periods, mating monandrously. These differences in female mating behavior generate variability in the potential for sperm competition. We show that behavioral differences in male investment in reproductive activities correlate with the potential for sperm competition. When mating with promiscuous mares, Grevy's zebra stallions made a greater investment in reproductive behavior (calling, mounting, ejaculations) than did stallions of either species when mating with monandrous females. The evolution of large testes size in the Grevy's zebra, when compared to the congeneric plains zebra, horse, and mountain zebra, allows for this increased investment.
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Kahurananga, J., & Silkiluwasha, F. (1997). The migration of zebra and wildebeest between Tarangire National Park and Simanjiro Plains, northern Tanzania, in 1972 and recent trends. Afr J Ecol, 35(3), 179–185.
Abstract: In 1972, four aerial censuses were carried out to assess the annual migration of zebra and wildebeest between Tarangire National Park and Simanjiro Plains. About 6000 zebra and 10,000 wildebeest were in the Plains in the middle of the rainy season, in April. During the dry season in August the animals were concentrated in the Park. The migration from the Park to the Plains started at beginning of the rains, in November/December. Recent censuses by Tanzania Wildlife Conservation Monitoring (TWCM, 1991, 1995) indicate that an estimated 23,000 zebra and 11,000 wildebeest migrate into the Park from Simanjiro and other wet season areas. Encroaching cultivation is a threat to the migration corridors and sustainability of the ecosystem . Providing benefits from wildlife to communities around the park would safeguard the future of the wildlife.
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Klingel H,. (1980). A Comparison of the Social Organization of the Equids. in Denniston RH (ed).
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Ruffner Ga, C. S. (1979). Age structure, condition, and reproduction of two burro (Equus asinus) populations from Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona.
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Waring Gh,. (1979). Behavioral adaptation as a factor in management of feral equids.
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Wolfe Ml,. (1979). Feral horse demography: A preliminary report (Abstract).
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Wolfe Ml,. (1979). Population ecology of the kulan.
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