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Author | Fraser, N.O.; Schino,G.; Aureli, F.F | ||||
Title | Components of Relationship Quality in Chimpanzees | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2008 | Publication | Ethology | Abbreviated Journal | Ethology |
Volume | 114 | Issue | 9 | Pages | 834-843 |
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Abstract | A novel approach to studying social relationships in captive adult chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) was taken by using principal components analysis (PCA) to extract three key components of relationship quality from nine behavioural variables. Based on the loadings of the behavioural variables, the components appeared to match previously hypothesized critical aspects of social relationships and were therefore labelled Value, Compatibility and Security. The effects of kinship, sex combination, age difference and time spent together on each of the relationship quality components were analysed. As expected, kin were found to have more valuable, compatible and secure relationships than non-kin. Female2013female dyads were found to be more compatible than male2013male or mixed-sex dyads, whereas the latter were found to be most secure. Partners of a similar age were found to have more secure and more valuable relationships than those with a larger age gap. Individuals that were together in the group for longer were more valuable and more compatible, but their relationships were found to be less secure than individuals that were together in the group for a shorter time. Although some of the results may be unexpected based on chimpanzee socio-ecology, they fit well overall with the history and social dynamics of the study group. The methods used confer a significant advantage in producing quantitative composite measures of each component of relationship quality, obtained in an objective manner. These findings therefore promote the use of such measures in future studies requiring an assessment of the qualities of dyadic social relationships. | ||||
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Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4936 | ||
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Author | Dacke, M.; Srinivasan, M. | ||||
Title | Evidence for counting in insects | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2008 | Publication | Animal Cognition | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Cogn. |
Volume | 11 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 683-689 |
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Abstract | Abstract  Here we investigate the counting ability in honeybees by training them to receive a food reward after they have passed a specific number of landmarks. The distance to the food reward is varied frequently and randomly, whilst keeping the number of intervening landmarks constant. Thus, the bees cannot identify the food reward in terms of its distance from the hive. We find that bees can count up to four objects, when they are encountered sequentially during flight. Furthermore, bees trained in this way are able count novel objects, which they have never previously encountered, thus demonstrating that they are capable of object-independent counting. A further experiment reveals that the counting ability that the bees display in our experiments is primarily sequential in nature. It appears that bees can navigate to food sources by maintaining a running count of prominent landmarks that are passed en route, provided this number does not exceed four. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4938 | ||
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Author | Udell, M.A.R.; Dorey, N.R.; Wynne, C.D.L. | ||||
Title | Wolves outperform dogs in following human social cues | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2008 | Publication | Animal Behaviour. | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Behav. |
Volume | 76 | Issue | 6 | Pages | 1767-1773 |
Keywords | Canis familiaris; Canis lupus; dog; dog shelter; domestication; momentary distal point; object choice; social cognition; wolf | ||||
Abstract | Domestic dogs, Canis familiaris, have been shown capable of finding hidden food by following pointing gestures made with different parts of the human body. However, previous studies have reported that hand-reared wolves, C. lupus, fail to locate hidden food in response to similar points in the absence of extensive training. The failure of wolves to perform this task has led to the proposal that the ability to understand others' intentions is a derived character in dogs, not present in the ancestral population (wolves). Here we show that wolves, given the right rearing environment and daily interaction with humans, can use momentary distal human pointing cues to find food without training, whereas dogs tested outdoors and dogs at an animal shelter do not follow the same human points. In line with past studies, pet dogs tested indoors were successful in following these points. We also show that the reported failure of wolves in some past studies may be due to differences in the testing environment. Our findings indicate that domestication is not a prerequisite for human-like social cognition in canids, and show the need for additional research on the role of rearing conditions and environmental factors in the development of higher-level cognitive abilities. | ||||
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ISSN | 0003-3472 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4964 | ||
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Author | Slingerland, L.I.; Robben, J.H.; Schaafsma, I.; Kooistra, H.S. | ||||
Title | Response of cats to familiar and unfamiliar human contact using continuous direct arterial blood pressure measurement | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2008 | Publication | Research in Veterinary Science | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 85 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 575-582 |
Keywords | Behaviour; Activity; Technique; White-coat effect; Diurnal rhythm; Invasive | ||||
Abstract | Continuous direct measurement of feline arterial blood pressure (ABP) was carried out via a modified method with percutaneous, ultrasound guided catheterization of the common carotid artery. In 21 healthy, conscious cats the ABP was measured during rest, alertness and activity. Furthermore, the ABP response to being petted by familiar and unfamiliar persons was assessed. Linear mixed modelling revealed that the mean blood pressure (MBP) in resting cats (114.6 mmHg) was lower (P < 0.001) than in alert cats (122.7 mmHg), which was lower (P < 0.001) than that of active cats (136.8 mmHg). The MBP during petting by a familiar person (144.7 mmHg) tended to be higher (P = 0.065) than that during petting by an unfamiliar person (139.4 mmHg). The MBP of active cats was lower (P = 0.003) than MBP of cats petted by a familiar person, but not different from MBP of cats petted by an unfamiliar person. The MBP returned to resting values between 16 and 20 min after the familiar person had left, whereas resting values were reached between 11 and 15 min after the unfamiliar person had left. The complications of the described method were limited considering the potential risks of continuous direct ABP measurement. In conclusion, the described technique enables accurate measurement of feline ABP, which is influenced by the cat's activity level and the familiarity of persons. | ||||
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ISSN | 0034-5288 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4982 | ||
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Author | Gaunet, F. | ||||
Title | How do guide dogs of blind owners and pet dogs of sighted owners ( Canis familiaris ) ask their owners for food? | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2008 | Publication | Animal Cognition | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Cogn. |
Volume | 11 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 475-483 |
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Abstract | Abstract Although there are some indications that dogs (Canis familiaris) use the eyes of humans as a cue during human–dog interactions, the exact conditions under which this holds true are unclear. Analysing whether the interactive modalities of guide dogs and pet dogs differ when they interact with their blind, and sighted owners, respectively, is one way to tackle this problem; more specifically, it allows examining the effect of the visual status of the owner. The interactive behaviours of dogs were recorded when the dogs were prevented from accessing food that they had previously learned to access. A novel audible behaviour was observed: dogs licked their mouths sonorously. Data analyses showed that the guide dogs performed this behaviour longer and more frequently than the pet dogs; seven of the nine guide dogs and two of the nine pet dogs displayed this behaviour. However, gazing at the container where the food was and gazing at the owner (with or without sonorous mouth licking), gaze alternation between the container and the owner, vocalisation and contact with the owner did not differ between groups. Together, the results suggest that there is no overall distinction between guide and pet dogs in exploratory, learning and motivational behaviours and in their understanding of their owner’s attentional state, i.e. guide dogs do not understand that their owner cannot see (them). However, results show that guide dogs are subject to incidental learning and suggest that they supplemented their way to trigger their owners’ attention with a new distal cue. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5008 | ||
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Author | Fabbri-Destro, M.; Rizzolatti, G. | ||||
Title | Mirror Neurons and Mirror Systems in Monkeys and Humans | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2008 | Publication | Physiology | Abbreviated Journal | Physiology |
Volume | 23 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 171-179 |
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Abstract | Mirror neurons are a distinct class of neurons that transform specific sensory information into a motor format. Mirror neurons have been originally discovered in the premotor and parietal cortex of the monkey. Subsequent neurophysiological (TMS, EEG, MEG) and brain imaging studies have shown that a mirror mechanism is also present in humans. According to its anatomical locations, mirror mechanism plays a role in action and intention understanding, imitation, speech, and emotion feeling. | ||||
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Notes | 10.1152/physiol.00004.2008 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5014 | ||
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Author | Bates, L.A.; Lee, P.C.; Njiraini, N.; Poole, J.H.; Sayialel, K.; Sayialel, S.; Moss, C.J.; Byrne, R. | ||||
Title | Do Elephants Show Empathy? | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2008 | Publication | Journal of Consciousness Studies | Abbreviated Journal | J Conscious Stud |
Volume | 15 | Issue | 10-11 | Pages | 204-225 |
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Abstract | Elephants show a rich social organization and display a number of unusual traits. In this paper, we analyse reports collected over a thirty-five year period, describing behaviour that has the potential to reveal signs of empathic understanding. These include coalition formation, the offering of protection and comfort to others, retrieving and 'babysitting' calves, aiding individuals that would otherwise have difficulty in moving, and removing foreign objects attached to others. These records demonstrate that an elephant is capable of diagnosing animacy and goal directedness, and is able to understand the physical competence, emotional state and intentions of others, when they differ from its own. We argue that an empathic understanding of others is the simplest explanation of these abilities, and discuss reasons why elephants appear to show empathy more than other non-primate species. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | yes | |||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5057 | ||
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Author | de Waal, F.B.M. | ||||
Title | Putting the Altruism Back into Altruism: The Evolution of Empathy | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2008 | Publication | Annual Review of Psychology | Abbreviated Journal | Annu Rev Psychol |
Volume | 59 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 279-300 |
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Abstract | Evolutionary theory postulates that altruistic behavior evolved for the return-benefits it bears the performer. For return-benefits to play a motivational role, however, they need to be experienced by the organism. Motivational analyses should restrict themselves, therefore, to the altruistic impulse and its knowable consequences. Empathy is an ideal candidate mechanism to underlie so-called directed altruism, i.e., altruism in response to anothers's pain, need, or distress. Evidence is accumulating that this mechanism is phylogenetically ancient, probably as old as mammals and birds. Perception of the emotional state of another automatically activates shared representations causing a matching emotional state in the observer. With increasing cognition, state-matching evolved into more complex forms, including concern for the other and perspective-taking. Empathy-induced altruism derives its strength from the emotional stake it offers the self in the other's welfare. The dynamics of the empathy mechanism agree with predictions from kin selection and reciprocal altruism theory. | ||||
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Publisher | Annual Reviews | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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ISSN | 0066-4308 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093625 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5058 | ||
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Author | Prather, J.F.; Peters, S.; Nowicki, S.; Mooney, R. | ||||
Title | Precise auditory-vocal mirroring in neurons for learned vocal communication | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2008 | Publication | Nature | Abbreviated Journal | Nature |
Volume | 451 | Issue | 7176 | Pages | 305-310 |
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Abstract | Brain mechanisms for communication must establish a correspondence between sensory and motor codes used to represent the signal. One idea is that this correspondence is established at the level of single neurons that are active when the individual performs a particular gesture or observes a similar gesture performed by another individual. Although neurons that display a precise auditory–vocal correspondence could facilitate vocal communication, they have yet to be identified. Here we report that a certain class of neurons in the swamp sparrow forebrain displays a precise auditory–vocal correspondence. We show that these neurons respond in a temporally precise fashion to auditory presentation of certain note sequences in this songbird’s repertoire and to similar note sequences in other birds’ songs. These neurons display nearly identical patterns of activity when the bird sings the same sequence, and disrupting auditory feedback does not alter this singing-related activity, indicating it is motor in nature. Furthermore, these neurons innervate striatal structures important for song learning, raising the possibility that singing-related activity in these cells is compared to auditory feedback to guide vocal learning. |
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Publisher | Nature Publishing Group | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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ISSN | 0028-0836 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | 10.1038/nature06492 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5062 | ||
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Author | Menke, C.; Waiblinger, S.; Fölsch, D.W.; Wiepkema, P.R. | ||||
Title | Social Behaviour and Injuries of Horned Cows in Loose Housing Systems | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2008 | Publication | Animal Welfare | Abbreviated Journal | Anim Welfare |
Volume | 8 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 243-258 |
Keywords | ANIMAL WELFARE; HORNED DAIRY COWS; HUMAN-ANIMAL RELATIONSHIP; INJURIES; LOOSE HOUSING; MANAGEMENT; SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR | ||||
Abstract | The relationship between social behaviour and skin injuries (caused by horns) of loose housed horned cows was investigated on 35 dairy farms. While the frequencies of two agonistic behaviour elements (push and chase away) were positively correlated with the occurrence of skin injuries, the frequencies of butting and homing were not. Butting appears to have an ambivalent motivation, in that its occurrence is correlated positively both with agonistic behaviour and with social licking. Horning showed a positive correlation with social licking only. Four groups of husbandry conditions that may be associated with the occurrence of social behaviour and of injuries were distinguished: i) herd management, with variables including problem solving management by the farmer, integration of new cows, and dealing with periparturient and oestrus cows; ii) human-animal relationship, with variables including ability to identify individual cows, frequency of brushing the cows, number of milkers, and frequency of personnel changes; iii) animal characteristics, with the variable of herd size; and iv) stable characteristics, with the variable of space per cow (m2). The relevance of the husbandry variables investigated here had been confirmed in a previous stepwise regression analysis (Menke 1996). The variables for herd management and human-animal relationship conditions correlated in a consistent way with the occurrence of agonistic behaviour and/or of injuries, while most of them also correlated in the opposite direction with the occurrence of social licking. Herd size correlated positively with agonistic behaviour, but negatively with social licking. Space per cow correlated negatively with agonistic behaviour and injuries. In more than 70 per cent of the herds investigated, the levels of agonistic behaviour and of skin injuries were low, implying that horned dairy cows can be kept with less risk than is often assumed. We argue that such risks strongly depend on management factors that can be improved. | ||||
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Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5110 | ||
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