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| Author | Hausberger, M.; Bruderer, C.; Le Scolan, N.; Pierre, J.-S. | ||||
| Title | Interplay between environmental and genetic factors in temperament/personality traits in horses (Equus caballus) | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Journal of Comparative Psychology | Abbreviated Journal | J Comp Psychol |
| Volume | 118 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 434-446 |
| Keywords | *Affect; Animals; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; *Environment; Female; Horses/*psychology; Learning; Male; Memory/physiology | ||||
| Abstract | The aim of the present study was to broach the question of the relative influence of different genetic and environmental factors on different temperament/personality traits of horses (Equus caballus). The researchers submitted 702 horses to standardized experimental tests and investigated 9 factors, either genetic or environmental. Genetic factors, such as sire or breed, seemed to influence more neophobic reactions, whereas environmental factors, such as the type of work, seemed to play a more dominant role in reactions to social separation or learning abilities. Additive effects were evident, showing how environmental factors may modulate behavioral traits. This study constitutes a first step toward understanding the relative weights of genetic factors and how the environment may intervene in determining individual behavioral characteristics. | ||||
| Address | Ethologie-Evolution-Ecologie, Universite de Rennes 1, Rennes, France. Martine.Hausberger@univ-rennes1.fr | ||||
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Washington, D.C. : 1983 | Editor | ||
| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0735-7036 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:15584780 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Serial | 1897 | |||
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| Author | Cheney, D. l .; Seyfarth, R. M. | ||||
| Title | Social complexity and the information acquired during eavesdropping by primates and other animals | Type | Book Chapter | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Animal Communication networks | Abbreviated Journal | |
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| Abstract | In many of the studies reviewed in this book, eavesdropping takes the following form: a subject has the opportunity to monitor, or eavesdrop upon, an interaction between two other animals,Aand B. The subject then uses the information obtained through these observations to assess A`s and B`s relative dominance or attractiveness as a mate (e.g. Mennill et al., 2002; Ch. 2). For example, Oliveira et al. (1998) found that male fighting fish Betta splendens that had witnessed two other males involved in an aggressive interaction subsequently responded more strongly to the loser of that interaction than the winner. Subjects-behaviour could not have been influenced by any inherent differences between the two males, because subjects responded equally strongly to the winner and the loser of competitive interactions they had not observed. Similarly, Peake et al. (2001) presented male great tits Parus major with the opportunity to monitor an apparent competitive interaction between two strangers by simulating a singing contest using two loudspeakers. The relative timing of the singing bouts (as measured by the degree of overlap between the two songs) provided information about each “contestants” relative status. Following the singing interaction, one of the “contestants” was introduced into the male`s territory. Males responded significantly less strongly to singers that had apparently just “lost” the interaction (see also McGregor & Dabelsteen, 1996; Naguib et al., 1999; Ch. 2). What information does an individual acquire when it eavesdrops on others? In theory, an eavesdropper could acquire information of many different sorts: about A, about B, about the relationship between A and B, or about the place of Animal Communication Networks, ed. Peter K. McGregor. Published by Cambridge University Press. c. Cambridge University Press 2005. 583 P1: JZZ/... P2: JZZ/... 0521823617c25.xml CU1917B/McGregor 0 521 582361 7 October 7, 2004 22:31 584 D. L. Cheney & R. M. Seyfarth A`s and B`s relationship in a larger social framework. The exact information acquired will probably reflect the particular species social structure. For example, songbirds like great tits live in communities in which six or seven neighbours surround each territory-holding male. Males appear to benefit from the knowledge that certain individuals occupy specific areas (e.g. Brooks & Falls, 1975), that competitive interactions between two different neighbours have particular outcomes, and that these outcomes are stable over time. We would, therefore, expect an eavesdropping great tit not only to learn that neighbour A was dominant to neighbour B, for example, but also to form the expectation that A was likely to defeat B in all future encounters. More speculatively, because the outcome of territorial interactions are often site specific (reviewed by Bradbury & Vehrencamp, 1998), we would expect eavesdropping tits to learn further that A dominates B in some areas but B dominates A in others. In contrast, the information gained from monitoring neighbours interactions would unlikely be sufficient to allow the eavesdropper to rank all of its neighbours in a linear dominance hierarchy, because not all neighbouring males would come into contact with one another. Such information would be difficult if not impossible to acquire; it might also be of little functional value. In contrast, species that live in large, permanent social groups have a much greater opportunity to monitor the social interactions of many different individuals simultaneously. Monkey species such as baboons Papio cynocephalus, for example, typically live in groups of 80 or more individuals, which include several matrilineal families arranged in a stable, linear dominance rank order (Silk et al., 1999). Offspring assume ranks similar to those of their mothers, and females maintain close bonds with their matrilineal kin throughout their lives. Cutting across these stable long-term relationships based on rank and kinship are more transient bonds: for example, the temporary associations formed between unrelated females whose infants are of similar ages, and the “friendships” formed between adult males and lactating females as an apparent adaptation against infanticide (Palombit et al., 1997, 2001). In order to compete successfully within such groups, it would seem advantageous for individuals to recognize who outranks whom, who is closely bonded to whom, and who is likely to be allied to whom (Harcourt, 1988, 1992; Cheney & Seyfarth, 1990; see below). The ability to adopt a third party`s perspective and discriminate among the social relationships that exist among others would seem to be of great selective benefit. In this chapter, we review evidence for eavesdropping in selected primate species and we consider what sort of information is acquired when one individual observes or listens in on the interactions of others. We then compare eavesdropping by primates with eavesdropping in other animal species, focusing on both potential differences and directions for further research |
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| Publisher | Cambridge University Press | Place of Publication |
Cambridge, Massachusetts | Editor | McGregor, P.K. |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 495 | ||
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| Author | Bloom, P. | ||||
| Title | Behavior. Can a dog learn a word? | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Science (New York, N.Y.) | Abbreviated Journal | Science |
| Volume | 304 | Issue | 5677 | Pages | 1605-1606 |
| Keywords | Animals; Child; Child, Preschool; *Dogs; Humans; *Learning; *Memory; *Vocabulary | ||||
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| Address | Department of Psychology, Yale University, Post Office Box 208205, New Haven, CT 06520-8205, USA. paul.bloom@yale.edu | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 1095-9203 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:15192205 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Serial | 28 | |||
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| Author | de Waal, F.B.M. | ||||
| Title | Peace lessons from an unlikely source | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | PLoS biology | Abbreviated Journal | PLoS. Biol. |
| Volume | 2 | Issue | 4 | Pages | E101 |
| Keywords | Animals; Behavior; Behavior, Animal; Culture; Humans; Interpersonal Relations; Research; Social Conditions; Social Environment; United States; *Violence | ||||
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| Address | Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. dewaal@emory.edu | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 1545-7885 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:15094805 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 174 | ||
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| Author | Markman, E.M.; Abelev, M. | ||||
| Title | Word learning in dogs? | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Trends in Cognitive Sciences | Abbreviated Journal | Trends. Cognit. Sci. |
| Volume | 8 | Issue | 11 | Pages | 479-81; discussion 481 |
| Keywords | Animals; Association Learning; Dogs; *Learning; *Verbal Learning; *Vocabulary | ||||
| Abstract | In a recent paper, Kaminski, Call and Fischer report pioneering research on word-learning in a dog. In this commentary we suggest ways of distinguishing referential word use from mere association. We question whether the dog is reasoning by exclusion and, if so, compare three explanations – learned heuristics, default assumptions, and pragmatic reasoning – as they apply to children and might apply to dogs. Kaminski et al.'s work clearly raises important questions about the origins and basis of word learning and social cognition. | ||||
| Address | Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Bldg 420, Stanford, CA 94305-2130, USA | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 1364-6613 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:15491899 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 274 | ||
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| Author | Rietmann, T.R.; Stuart, A.E.A.; Bernasconi, P.; Stauffacher, M.; Auer, J.A.; Weishaupt, M.A. | ||||
| Title | Assessment of mental stress in warmblood horses: heart rate variability in comparison to heart rate and selected behavioural parameters | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume | 88 | Issue | 1-2 | Pages | 121-136 |
| Keywords | Horse; Hrv; Heart rate; Mental stress; Behaviour; Autonomic nervous system | ||||
| Abstract | The aim of the study was to investigate whether heart rate variability (HRV) could assess alterations of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) at different levels of excitement. The behavioural and physiological responses of 20 warmblood horses to a challenging ground exercise task were studied. Prior to the experiment, the horses were evaluated at rest and during forward walking (FW). The horses were then forced to move backwards continuously during 3 min according to a standardised protocol (BW1). Subsequently, the horses were exposed to two training sessions, after which the backward walking (BW2) was re-evaluated. Heart rate (HR) and HRV-parameters such as the standard deviation of the beat-to-beat intervals (SDRR), the low (LF; sympathetic tone) and high frequency (HF) component of HRV (HF; parasympathetic tone) and their ratio (LF/HF; index representing the sympatho-vagal balance) were sampled at rest, and during FW, BW1 and BW2. Stress-related behaviour during BW1 and BW2 was determined from video recordings. The results of the different evaluations were compared to each other. Compared to rest and FW, the first backward experiment induced a significant rise in HR, LF and LF/HF and a significant decrease of HF. SDRR decreased from both FW and rest with only the latter reaching significance. In BW2 after the training sessions, HR and the parameters of the sympathetic branch of the ANS (LF, LF/HF) were decreased and the vagal tone (HF) increased compared to BW1; all changes were significant. The duration of stress indicating behavioural patterns revealed also a significant decrease of excitement after the training, when backward walking did not differ from forward walking in any parameter. Correlations between HRV-parameters and stress indicating behaviour as well as HR were found. We conclude that the HRV-parameters LF and HF are valuable measures to quantify sympatho-vagal balance, which allows a more precise assessment of the responses of HR and SDRR to mental stress during low intensity exercise. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 314 | ||
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| Author | Gardner, A., West, S. A. | ||||
| Title | Cooperation and Punishment, Especially in Humans | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | The American Naturalist | Abbreviated Journal | Americ. Natur. |
| Volume | 164 | Issue | 6 | Pages | 753-764 |
| Keywords | kin selection, neighbor-modulated fitness, repression of | ||||
| Abstract | Explaining altruistic cooperation is one of the greatest challenges faced by sociologists, economists, and evolutionary biologists. The problem is determining why an individual would carry out a costly behavior that benefits another. Possible solutions to this problem include kinship, repeated interactions, and policing. Another solution that has recently received much attention is the threat of punishment. However, punishing behavior is often costly for the punisher, and so it is not immediately clear how costly punishment could evolve. We use a direct (neighbor-modulated) fitness approach to analyze when punishment is favored. This methodology reveals that, contrary to previous suggestions, relatedness between interacting individuals is not crucial to explaining cooperation through punishment. In fact, increasing relatedness directly disfavors punishing behavior. Instead, the crucial factor is a positive correlation between the punishment strategy of an individual and the cooperation it receives. This could arise in several ways, such as when facultative adjustment of behavior leads individuals to cooperate more when interacting with individuals who are more likely to punish. More generally, our results provide a clear example of how the fundamental factor driving the evolution of social traits is a correlation between social partners and how this can arise for reasons other than genealogical kinship. |
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| Address | University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 341 | ||
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| Author | Paz-y-Miño C. G.; Bond, A.B.; Kamil, A.C.; Balda, R.P. | ||||
| Title | Pinyon jays use transitive inference to predict social dominance | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Nature | Abbreviated Journal | Nature |
| Volume | 430 | Issue | 7001 | Pages | 778-781 |
| Keywords | Animals; Cognition/*physiology; Group Structure; Male; *Social Dominance; Songbirds/*physiology | ||||
| Abstract | Living in large, stable social groups is often considered to favour the evolution of enhanced cognitive abilities, such as recognizing group members, tracking their social status and inferring relationships among them. An individual's place in the social order can be learned through direct interactions with others, but conflicts can be time-consuming and even injurious. Because the number of possible pairwise interactions increases rapidly with group size, members of large social groups will benefit if they can make judgments about relationships on the basis of indirect evidence. Transitive reasoning should therefore be particularly important for social individuals, allowing assessment of relationships from observations of interactions among others. Although a variety of studies have suggested that transitive inference may be used in social settings, the phenomenon has not been demonstrated under controlled conditions in animals. Here we show that highly social pinyon jays (Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus) draw sophisticated inferences about their own dominance status relative to that of strangers that they have observed interacting with known individuals. These results directly demonstrate that animals use transitive inference in social settings and imply that such cognitive capabilities are widespread among social species. | ||||
| Address | Center for Avian Cognition, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA | ||||
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| ISSN | 1476-4687 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:15306809 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @; Equine Behaviour @ team @ room B 3.029 | Serial | 352 | ||
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| Author | Shettleworth, S.J. | ||||
| Title | Cognitive science: rank inferred by reason | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Nature | Abbreviated Journal | Nature |
| Volume | 430 | Issue | 7001 | Pages | 732-733 |
| Keywords | Animals; Cognition/*physiology; Group Structure; Male; *Social Dominance; Songbirds/*physiology | ||||
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| ISSN | 1476-4687 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:15306792 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 365 | ||
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| Author | McLean, A.N. | ||||
| Title | Short-term spatial memory in the domestic horse | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume | 85 | Issue | 1-2 | Pages | 93-105 |
| Keywords | Animal cognition; Delayed response; Equine memory; Horse; Object permanence; Temporal cognition | ||||
| Abstract | This study investigates the ability of horses to recall a feeding event in a two-point choice apparatus. Twelve horses were individually tested whereby they were maintained immobile in a test arena and visually and aurally experienced the delivery of food into one of two feed goals. The horses were then released to make their choice in two experimental contexts: immediate release after experiencing the delivery of food, and release 10 s after food delivery. Each horse performed 40 immediate-release (IR) trials, followed by forty 10-s release trials over a 3-day period. In addition, the same horses were tested 3 months later in the spring with the same number and sequence of trials. Results were analysed by log-linear analysis of frequencies. Results showed that while horses were able to achieve the correct feed goal choice in the immediate-release trials, they were unsuccessful with the 10-s release trials. This suggests that there are limitations in recall abilities in horses, in that they may not possess a prospective type of memory. There are welfare and training implications in these findings concerning the effects of overestimating the mental abilities of horses during training and the effects of delays in reinforcements. | ||||
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| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 403 | ||
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