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| Author | Hare, B.; Tomasello, M. | ||||
| Title | Human-like social skills in dogs? | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2005 | Publication | Trends in Cognitive Sciences | Abbreviated Journal | Trends. Cognit. Sci. |
| Volume | 9 | Issue | 9 | Pages | 439-444 |
| Keywords | *Animal Communication; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Cognition/*physiology; Dogs; *Evolution; Humans; *Social Behavior | ||||
| Abstract | Domestic dogs are unusually skilled at reading human social and communicative behavior--even more so than our nearest primate relatives. For example, they use human social and communicative behavior (e.g. a pointing gesture) to find hidden food, and they know what the human can and cannot see in various situations. Recent comparisons between canid species suggest that these unusual social skills have a heritable component and initially evolved during domestication as a result of selection on systems mediating fear and aggression towards humans. Differences in chimpanzee and human temperament suggest that a similar process may have been an important catalyst leading to the evolution of unusual social skills in our own species. The study of convergent evolution provides an exciting opportunity to gain further insights into the evolutionary processes leading to human-like forms of cooperation and communication. | ||||
| Address | Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig, Germany. hare@eva.mpg.de | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title  |
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| ISSN | 1364-6613 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:16061417 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 546 | ||
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| Author | Digweed, Shannon M.; Fedigan, Linda M.; Rendall, Drew | ||||
| Title | Variable specificity in the anti-predator vocalizations and behaviour of the white-faced capuchin, Cebus capucinus | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2005 | Publication | Behaviour | Abbreviated Journal | Behaviour |
| Volume | 142 | Issue | 8 | Pages | 997-1021 |
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| Abstract | (Accepted: 23 June 2005) Summary Much research in animal communication is aimed at understanding the functional design features of animal vocal signals. Our detailed analyses of the vocalizations and behavioural responses elicited in white-faced capuchins by predators and other disturbances point to two call variants that differ modestly in their acoustic structure and that are accompanied by functionally distinct behavioural responses. The first variant is given exclusively to avian predators and is almost invariably accompanied by the monkeys immediate descent from the treetops where it is most vulnerable; therefore, we label this call variant the aerial predator alarm?. The second variant, that differs only slightly but noticeably from the first, is given to a wide range of snakes and mammals, including a range of species that represent no predatory threat to the monkeys. This second call is also associated with more variable responses from calling monkeys, from delayed retreat from the source of disturbance, to active approach, inspection, and sometimes mobbing of the animal involved. We therefore label this variant more generally as an “alerting call”. Although some other primate species show a more diverse system of anti-predator calls, and the capuchins themselves may yet be found to produce a greater variety of calls, a system of two call variants with varying degrees of predator specificity and behavioural response is not uncommon among primates and appears functionally appropriate for capuchins. The basic structure of the alerting call allows conspecific listeners to localize the caller and the source of disturbance readily, thereby allowing listeners to approach and assist in mobbing in cases where the disturbance warrants it, or to avoid the area in cases where the disturbance is identified as a predatory threat. Conversely, the aerial predator alarm is inherently less localizable and therefore conveys the |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 547 | ||
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| Author | Dunbar, R. | ||||
| Title | Evolution of the social brain | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2003 | Publication | Science | Abbreviated Journal | Science |
| Volume | 302 | Issue | 5648 | Pages | 1160-1161 |
| Keywords | Animals; Animals, Wild; *Cognition; Endorphins/physiology; *Evolution; Female; Grooming; Hierarchy, Social; Language; Neocortex/anatomy & histology/physiology; Papio/physiology/*psychology; *Reproduction; *Social Behavior; Social Dominance; Social Support; Vocalization, Animal | ||||
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| Address | School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK. rimd@liv.ac.uk | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title |
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| ISSN | 1095-9203 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:14615522 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 548 | ||
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| Author | Zhou, W.-X.; Sornette, D.; Hill, R.A.; Dunbar, R.I.M. | ||||
| Title | Discrete hierarchical organization of social group sizes | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2005 | Publication | Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society | Abbreviated Journal | Proc Biol Sci |
| Volume | 272 | Issue | 1561 | Pages | 439-444 |
| Keywords | Anthropology, Cultural; *Group Structure; Humans; *Models, Biological; *Social Behavior; *Social Environment | ||||
| Abstract | The 'social brain hypothesis' for the evolution of large brains in primates has led to evidence for the coevolution of neocortical size and social group sizes, suggesting that there is a cognitive constraint on group size that depends, in some way, on the volume of neural material available for processing and synthesizing information on social relationships. More recently, work on both human and non-human primates has suggested that social groups are often hierarchically structured. We combine data on human grouping patterns in a comprehensive and systematic study. Using fractal analysis, we identify, with high statistical confidence, a discrete hierarchy of group sizes with a preferred scaling ratio close to three: rather than a single or a continuous spectrum of group sizes, humans spontaneously form groups of preferred sizes organized in a geometrical series approximating 3-5, 9-15, 30-45, etc. Such discrete scale invariance could be related to that identified in signatures of herding behaviour in financial markets and might reflect a hierarchical processing of social nearness by human brains. | ||||
| Address | State Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China | ||||
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| ISSN | 0962-8452 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:15734699 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 549 | ||
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| Author | Janik, V.M. | ||||
| Title | Whistle matching in wild bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2000 | Publication | Science (New York, N.Y.) | Abbreviated Journal | Science |
| Volume | 289 | Issue | 5483 | Pages | 1355-1357 |
| Keywords | Animals; Animals, Wild/physiology; Dolphins/*physiology; *Imitative Behavior; *Learning; *Social Behavior; *Vocalization, Animal | ||||
| Abstract | Dolphin communication is suspected to be complex, on the basis of their call repertoires, cognitive abilities, and ability to modify signals through vocal learning. Because of the difficulties involved in observing and recording individual cetaceans, very little is known about how they use their calls. This report shows that wild, unrestrained bottlenose dolphins use their learned whistles in matching interactions, in which an individual responds to a whistle of a conspecific by emitting the same whistle type. Vocal matching occurred over distances of up to 580 meters and is indicative of animals addressing each other individually. | ||||
| Address | School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, Bute Building, Fife KY16 9TS, UK | ||||
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| ISSN | 0036-8075 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:10958783 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 550 | ||
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| Author | Moehlman, P.D. | ||||
| Title | Endangered wild equids | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2005 | Publication | Scientific American | Abbreviated Journal | Sci Am |
| Volume | 292 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 74-81 |
| Keywords | Africa; Americas; Animals; *Animals, Wild/physiology; Asia; *Conservation of Energy Resources; Environment; *Equidae/physiology; Food Chain; Humans; Male; Reproduction | ||||
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| Address | IUCN-The World Conservation Union/Species Survival Commission Equid Specialist Group | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title |
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| ISSN | 0036-8733 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:15859216 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 551 | ||
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| Author | James, R.; Bennett, P.G.; Krause, J. | ||||
| Title | Geometry for mutualistic and selfish herds: the limited domain of danger | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Journal of Theoretical Biology | Abbreviated Journal | J. Theor. Biol. |
| Volume | 228 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 107-113 |
| Keywords | Aggregation; Selfish herd; Limited domains | ||||
| Abstract | We present a two-dimensional individual-based model of aggregation behaviour in animals by introducing the concept of a “limited domain of danger”, which represents either a limited detection range or a limited attack range of predators. The limited domain of danger provides a suitable framework for the analysis of individual movement rules under real-life conditions because it takes into account the predator's prey detection and capture abilities. For the first time, a single geometrical construct can be used to analyse the predation risk of both peripheral and central individuals in a group. Furthermore, our model provides a conceptual framework that can be equally applied to aggregation behaviour and refuge use and thus presents a conceptual advance on current theory that treats these antipredator behaviours separately. An analysis of individual movement rules using limited domains of danger showed that the time minimization strategy outcompetes the nearest neighbour strategy proposed by Hamilton's (J. Theor. Biol. 31 (1971) 295) selfish herd model, whereas a random strategy confers no benefit and can even be disadvantageous. The superior performance of the time minimization strategy highlights the importance of taking biological constraints, such as an animal's orientation relative to its neighbours, into account when searching for efficient movement rules underlying the aggregation process. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 552 | ||
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| Author | Reluga, T.C.; Viscido, S. | ||||
| Title | Simulated evolution of selfish herd behavior | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2005 | Publication | Journal of Theoretical Biology | Abbreviated Journal | J. Theor. Biol. |
| Volume | 234 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 213-225 |
| Keywords | Selfish herd; Behavior; Evolution; Predation risk | ||||
| Abstract | Single species aggregations are a commonly observed phenomenon. One potential explanation for these aggregations is provided by the selfish herd hypothesis, which states that aggregations result from individual efforts to reduce personnel predation risk at the expense of group-mates. Not all movement rules based on the selfish herd hypothesis are consistent with observed animal behavior. Previous work has shown that herd-like aggregations are not generated by movement rules limited to local interactions between nearest neighbors. Instead, rules generating realistic herds appear to require delocalized interactions. To date, it has been an open question whether or not the necessary delocalization can emerge from local interactions under natural selection. To address this question, we study an individual-based model with a single quantitative genetic trait that controls the influence of neighbors as a function of distance. The results indicate that predation-based selection can increase the influence of distant neighbors relative to near neighbors. Our results lend support for the idea that selfish herd behavior can arise from localized movement rules under natural selection. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 553 | ||
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| Author | Viscido, S.V.; Miller, M.; Wethey, D.S. | ||||
| Title | The dilemma of the selfish herd: the search for a realistic movement rule | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2002 | Publication | Journal of theoretical biology | Abbreviated Journal | J. Theor. Biol. |
| Volume | 217 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 183-194 |
| Keywords | Animals; *Behavior, Animal; *Mass Behavior; Models, Biological; *Motor Activity; Predatory Behavior | ||||
| Abstract | The selfish herd hypothesis predicts that aggregations form because individuals move toward one another to minimize their own predation risk. The “dilemma of the selfish herd” is that movement rules that are easy for individuals to follow, fail to produce true aggregations, while rules that produce aggregations require individual behavior so complex that one may doubt most animals can follow them. If natural selection at the individual level is responsible for herding behavior, a solution to the dilemma must exist. Using computer simulations, we examined four different movement rules. Relative predation risk was different for all four movement rules (p<0.05). We defined three criteria for measuring the quality of a movement rule. A good movement rule should (a) be statistically likely to benefit an individual that follows it, (b) be something we can imagine most animals are capable of following, and (c) result in a centrally compact flock. The local crowded horizon rule, which allowed individuals to take the positions of many flock-mates into account, but decreased the influence of flock-mates with distance, best satisfied these criteria. The local crowded horizon rule was very sensitive to the animal's perceptive ability. Therefore, the animal's ability to detect its neighbors is an important factor in the dynamics of group formation. | ||||
| Address | Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA. viscido@u.washington.edu | ||||
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| ISSN | 0022-5193 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:12202112 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 554 | ||
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| Author | Viscido, S.V.; Miller, M.; Wethey, D.S. | ||||
| Title | The response of a selfish herd to an attack from outside the group perimeter | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2001 | Publication | Journal of theoretical biology | Abbreviated Journal | J. Theor. Biol. |
| Volume | 208 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 315-328 |
| Keywords | Animals; *Behavior, Animal; *Computer Simulation; Models, Biological; *Movement; Predatory Behavior | ||||
| Abstract | According to the selfish herd hypothesis, animals can decrease predation risk by moving toward one another if the predator can appear anywhere and will attack the nearest target. Previous studies have shown that aggregations can form using simple movement rules designed to decrease each animal's Domain of Danger. However, if the predator attacks from outside the group's perimeter, these simple movement rules might not lead to aggregation. To test whether simple selfish movement rules would decrease predation risk for those situations when the predator attacks from outside the flock perimeter, we constructed a computer model that allowed flocks of 75 simulated fiddler crabs to react to one another, and to a predator attacking from 7 m away. We attacked simulated crab flocks with predators of different sizes and attack speeds, and computed relative predation risk after 120 time steps. Final trajectories showed flight toward the center of the flock, but curving away from the predator. Path curvature depended on the predator's size and approach speed. The average crab experienced a greater decrease in predation risk when the predator was small or slow moving. Regardless of the predator's size and speed, however, predation risk always decreased as long as crabs took their flock-mates into account. We conclude that, even when flight away from an external predator occurs, the selfish avoidance of danger can lead to aggregation. | ||||
| Address | Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, U.S.A. viscido@u.washington.edu | ||||
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| ISSN | 0022-5193 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:11207093 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 555 | ||
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