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Author | Wittemyer, G.; Getz, W.M. | ||||
Title | Hierarchical dominance structure and social organization in African elephants, Loxodonta africana | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2007 | Publication | Animal Behaviour. | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Behav. |
Volume | 73 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 671-681 |
Keywords | African elephant; between-group competition; Loxodonta africana; nepotism; resource distribution; socioecology; transitive dominance; within-group competition | ||||
Abstract | According to the socioecological framework, transitivity (or linearity) in dominance relationships is related to competition over critical resources. When a population is structured into groups, the intensity of between- versus within-group competition influences the form and function of its social organization. Few studies have compared the type and relative intensity of competition at these two levels. African elephants have well-structured social relations, providing an exemplary system for such a study. We report on dominance hierarchies among free-ranging elephants and evaluate the factors that drive their socioecological structure to lie in a region of the three-dimensional nepotism/despotism/tolerance space rarely observed among social species; namely, where non-nepotistic, transitive dominance hierarchies within groups emerge despite kin-based philopatry and infrequent agonistic interactions over widely distributed resources. We found significant transitivity in dominance hierarchies between groups. Dominance relations among the matriarchs of different social groups were primarily age based, rather than driven by physical or group size, and group matriarch rank influenced the dominance relationships among nonmatriarchal females in the population. Our results suggest that between-group dominance relationships induce tolerance among group members, which in combination with high group relatedness, reduces the benefits of nepotism. We postulate that cognitive abilities and high risk of injury in contests enhance winner and loser effects, facilitating the formation of transitive dominance relationships, despite widely distributed resources over which infrequent competition occurs. The interplay of cognitive abilities, winner and loser effects, resource distribution, and within- and between-group dominance relationships may produce behaviour in other strongly social mammals that differs from that predicted by a superficial application of current socioecological models. | ||||
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Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 449 | ||
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Author | de Vries, H.; Stevens, J.M.G.; Vervaecke, H. | ||||
Title | Measuring and testing the steepness of dominance hierarchies | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2006 | Publication | Animal Behaviour. | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Behav. |
Volume | 71 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 585-592 |
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Abstract | In the analysis of social dominance in groups of animals, linearity has been used by many researchers as the main structural characteristic of a dominance hierarchy. In this paper we propose, alongside linearity, a quantitative measure for another property of a dominance hierarchy, namely its steepness. Steepness of a hierarchy is defined here as the absolute slope of the straight line fitted to the normalized David's scores (calculated on the basis of a dyadic dominance index corrected for chance) plotted against the subjects' ranks. This correction for chance is an improvement of an earlier proposal by de Vries (appendix 2 in de Vries, Animal Behaviour, 1998, 55, 827-843). In addition, we present a randomization procedure for determining the statistical significance of a hierarchy's steepness, which can be used to test the observed steepness against the steepness expected under the null hypothesis of random win chances for all pairs of individuals. Whereas linearity depends on the number of established binary dominance relationships and the degree of transitivity in these relationships, steepness measures the degree to which individuals differ from each other in winning dominance encounters. Linearity and steepness are complementary measures to characterize a dominance hierarchy. | ||||
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Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 454 | ||
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Author | Miller, G. | ||||
Title | Animal behavior. Signs of empathy seen in mice | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2006 | Publication | Science (New York, N.Y.) | Abbreviated Journal | Science |
Volume | 312 | Issue | 5782 | Pages | 1860-1861 |
Keywords | Altruism; Animals; Behavior, Animal; *Empathy; Formaldehyde/administration & dosage; Mice/*psychology; Motivation; Pain/*psychology; *Social Behavior | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | 1095-9203 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | PMID:16809499 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 461 | ||
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Author | Lafleur, D.L.; Lozano, G.A.; Sclafani, M. | ||||
Title | Female mate-choice copying in guppies,Poecilia reticulata: a re-evaluation | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1997 | Publication | Animal Behaviour. | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Behav. |
Volume | 54 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 579-586 |
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Abstract | It has been argued that intraspecific mate-choice copying can be adaptive under certain conditions. Dugatkin's (1992,Am. Nat.139, 1384-1389) work with guppies,Poecilia reticulataremains the most influential experimental demonstration of this phenomenon. We replicated Dugatkin's work using several choice criteria to ensure that our results were not dependent upon any single method of judging mate choice. We also tested our findings against two null hypotheses of differing stringency. Irrespective of the choice criteria or null hypothesis used, we did not observe any relationship between female mate choice and copying. We conclude that further experimental evidence of female mate-choice copying is required before the existence of this behaviour can be affirmed. | ||||
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Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 484 | ||
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Author | Godin, J.-G.J.; Herdman, E.J.E.; Dugatkin, L.A. | ||||
Title | Social influences on female mate choice in the guppy, Poecilia reticulata: generalized and repeatable trait-copying behaviour | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2005 | Publication | Animal Behaviour. | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Behav. |
Volume | 69 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 999-1005 |
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Abstract | In vertebrates, the mating preferences of individual females can be flexible and the probability of a female mating with a particular male can be significantly increased by her having previously observed another conspecific female affiliate and mate with that same male. In theory, such mate-choice-copying behaviour has potentially important consequences for both the genetic and social (`cultural') transmission of female mating preferences. For copying to result in the `cultural inheritance' of mating preferences, individual females must not only copy the mate choice decisions of other females but they also should tend to repeat this type of behaviour (i.e. make similar mating decisions) subsequently and to generalize their socially induced preference for a particular male to other males that share his distinctive characteristics. Here, we show experimentally that individual female guppies, Poecilia reticulata, not only copy the observed mating preferences of other females for particular males, but that the preference now assumed via copying is subsequently repeated and generalized to other males of a similar colour phenotype. These results provide empirical evidence for social enhancement of female preference for particular phenotypic traits of chosen males rather than for the particular males possessing those traits, and thus have important implications for our understanding of the role of social learning in the evolution of female mating preferences and of male epigamic traits. | ||||
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Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 490 | ||
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Author | Godin, J.-G.J.; Dugatkin, L.A. | ||||
Title | Variability and repeatability of female mating preference in the guppy | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1995 | Publication | Animal Behaviour. | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Behav. |
Volume | 49 | Issue | 6 | Pages | 1427-1433 |
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Abstract | Models of inter-sexual selection generally assume heritable variation in mating preferences among females within populations. However, little is known about the nature of such variation. The aim of this study was to characterize quantitatively the phenotypic variation in female preference for a sexually selected male trait, body colour pattern, within a population of the Trinidadian guppy, Poecilia reticulata. Significantly more female guppies preferred the more brightly coloured of two similar-sized males presented simultaneously as potential mates. Mating preference scores for individual females were significantly and positively correlated between two repeated trials on successive days. Females were thus individually consistent in their particular choice of mates, and the calculated repeatability of their mating preference was relatively high. Notwithstanding the aforementioned, significant variation existed among females in the degree of their preference for brightly coloured males. Individual mating preference scores were not normally distributed, but were rather skewed to the right (i.e. towards greater values). These results suggest that additive genetic variation for mating preferences based on male colour pattern is maintained, and the opportunity for the further evolution of both bright male colour patterns and female preference for this trait appears to exist in the study population from the Quare River, Trinidad. | ||||
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Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 492 | ||
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Author | Marinier, S.L.; Alexander, A.J.; Waring, G.H. | ||||
Title | Flehmen behaviour in the domestic horse: Discrimination of conspecific odours | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1988 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
Volume | 19 | Issue | 3-4 | Pages | 227-237 |
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Abstract | American Saddlebred horses were used to test the responses of domestic horses to the odours of conspecifics. In all cases the odours were tested in the absence of the donor animal. Thus the test animal's behavioural responses were concentrated on the olfactory stimuli, and possible interference from donor behaviour was eliminated. Stallions were significantly more responsive than mares and geldings. This was shown in both flehmen and sniffing behaviour to urine/vaginal secretions and in sniffing behaviour to faecal samples. Only stallions were used for subsequent tests. Stallions showed no significant differences in response to the odour of urine/vaginal secretions of an oestrus mare from that when she was not in season. Parameters used for analysis of data were frequency, latency and duration of flehmen as well as duration of responsiveness to samples. In testing for differences in odours between individual mares, two methods were used. The stallions differentiated between samples from individual mares. In some cases this differentiation was exhibited when the stallions were merely presented with the two samples in sequence. In other cases statistically significant differences in response to the odours were shown only by simultaneous presentation of the two samples to the test stallion. Parameters used for data analysis were frequency and duration of flehmen and duration of responsiveness. | ||||
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Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 507 | ||
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Author | Sharp, T.; Saunders, G. | ||||
Title | mustering of feral horses | Type | Manuscript | ||
Year | Publication | Ecology | Abbreviated Journal | ||
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Abstract | Background Feral horses (Equus caballus) can cause significant environmental damage and losses to rural industries. Although considered pests, feral horses are also a resource, providing products such as pet meat for the domestic market and meat for human consumption for the export market. Control methods include trapping, mustering exclusion fencing, ground shooting and shooting from helicopters. Feral horses are mustered by helicopter, motorbike or on horseback, sometimes with the assistance of coacher horses. Once mustered into yards, net traps or fenced paddocks, the horses are usually sold to abattoirs for slaughter which can offset the costs of capture and handling. Less commonly, they are sold as riding horses or relocated to reserves or horse sanctuaries. Where there is no market for them or where removal may be too costly or impractical e.g. in conservation areas or remote areas without access to transportation, horses are sometimes destroyed by shooting in the yards. This standard operating procedure (SOP) is a guide only; it does not replace or override the legislation that applies in the relevant State or Territory jurisdiction. The SOP should only be used subject to the applicable legal requirements (including OH&S) operating in the relevant jurisdiction. |
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Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 517 | ||
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Author | McLeod, P.G.; Huntingford, F.A. | ||||
Title | Social rank and predator inspection in sticklebacks | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1994 | Publication | Animal Behaviour. | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Behav. |
Volume | 47 | Issue | 5 | Pages | 1238-1240 |
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Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 525 | ||
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Author | Amdam, G.V.; Csondes, A.; Fondrk, M.K.; Page, R.E.J. | ||||
Title | Complex social behaviour derived from maternal reproductive traits | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2006 | Publication | Nature | Abbreviated Journal | Nature |
Volume | 439 | Issue | 7072 | Pages | 76-78 |
Keywords | Aging/physiology; Animals; Bees/*physiology; *Evolution; Feeding Behavior/*physiology; Female; Infertility, Female; Maternal Behavior/*physiology; Ovary/physiology; Pollen/metabolism; Reproduction/*physiology; *Social Behavior | ||||
Abstract | A fundamental goal of sociobiology is to explain how complex social behaviour evolves, especially in social insects, the exemplars of social living. Although still the subject of much controversy, recent theoretical explanations have focused on the evolutionary origins of worker behaviour (assistance from daughters that remain in the nest and help their mother to reproduce) through expression of maternal care behaviour towards siblings. A key prediction of this evolutionary model is that traits involved in maternal care have been co-opted through heterochronous expression of maternal genes to result in sib-care, the hallmark of highly evolved social life in insects. A coupling of maternal behaviour to reproductive status evolved in solitary insects, and was a ready substrate for the evolution of worker-containing societies. Here we show that division of foraging labour among worker honey bees (Apis mellifera) is linked to the reproductive status of facultatively sterile females. We thereby identify the evolutionary origin of a widely expressed social-insect behavioural syndrome, and provide a direct demonstration of how variation in maternal reproductive traits gives rise to complex social behaviour in non-reproductive helpers. | ||||
Address | Arizona State University, School of Life Sciences, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA. Gro.Amdam@asu.edu | ||||
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ISSN | 1476-4687 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | PMID:16397498 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 531 | ||
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