| Records |
| Author |
Dowdle, W.R.; Schild, G.C. |
| Title |
Influenza: its antigenic variation and ecology |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1976 |
Publication |
Bulletin of the Pan American Health Organization |
Abbreviated Journal |
Bull Pan Am Health Organ |
| Volume |
10 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
193-195 |
| Keywords |
Animals; *Antigens, Viral; Bird Diseases/microbiology; Birds; Hemagglutinins, Viral; Horse Diseases/microbiology; Horses; Humans; Influenza A virus/immunology/isolation & purification; Influenza, Human/epidemiology; Mutation; Neuraminidase/immunology; Orthomyxoviridae/enzymology/*immunology; Orthomyxoviridae Infections/microbiology/veterinary; Recombination, Genetic; Swine; Swine Diseases/microbiology |
| Abstract |
Influenza viruses have two surface antigens, the glycoprotein structures hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Antibodies to each of these are associated with immunity, but the structures themselves are antigenically variable. When an antigenic change is gradual over time it is referred to as a drift, while a sudden complete or major change in either or both antigens is termed a shift. The mechanism of antigenic drift is usually attributed to selection of preexisting mutants by pressure from increasing immunity in the human population. The mechanism of antigenic shift is less clear, but one tentative hypothesis is that shifts arise from mammalian or avian reservoirs, or through genetic recombination of human and animal influenza strains. |
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English |
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| ISSN |
0085-4638 |
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| Notes |
PMID:187273 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2700 |
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| Author |
Domjan, M. |
| Title |
Determinants of the enhancement of flavored-water intake by prior exposure |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1976 |
Publication |
Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
| Volume |
2 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
17-27 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Arousal; *Awareness; Behavior, Animal; *Cognition; *Drinking Behavior; Environment; Escape Reaction; Fear; Male; Rats; Saccharin/administration & dosage; *Taste; Thirst; Time Factors; Water Deprivation |
| Abstract |
The intake of a 2.0% sodium saccharin solution in rats was observed to increase as a function of both the number (Experiment 1) and the duration (Experiment 3) of prior periods of access to the saccharin flavor, but did not increase when subjects were maintained on a fluid deprivation procedure in the absence of saccharin exposure (Experiment 2). The enhancement of intake was further influenced by the schedule of saccharin preexposures in the absence of variations in the amount of solution tasted (Experiment 4). The effect was not a function of the opportunity for subjects to determine their own pattern of contact with the saccharin flavor, the opportunity for association of the flavor with hunger and thirst reduction, or the amount of saccharin swallowed during preexposure (Experiment 5). These results suggest that mere exposure to a flavored solution is sufficient to increase subsequent intakes. The phenomenon is discussed in terms of the attenuation of neophobia elicited by the novelty of flavored solutions. |
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0097-7403 |
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| Notes |
PMID:1249524 |
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no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2790 |
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| Author |
Dow, M.; Ewing, A.W.; Sutherland, I. |
| Title |
Studies on the behaviour of cyprinodont fish. III. The temporal patterning of aggression in Aphyosemion striatum (Boulenger) |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1976 |
Publication |
Behaviour |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behaviour |
| Volume |
59 |
Issue |
3-4 |
Pages |
252-268 |
| Keywords |
*Aggression; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Dominance-Subordination; *Fishes; Humans; Individuality; *Killifishes; Male; Time Factors |
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0005-7959 |
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| Notes |
PMID:1035107 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4151 |
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| Author |
Strayer, F.F. |
| Title |
Learning and imitation as a function of social status in macaque monkeys (Macaca nemestrina) |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1976 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
24 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
835-848 |
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| Abstract |
Learning and imitation were examined in animals selected from two groups of sixteen pigtail monkeys. There were significant differences in performance on a cued-alternation task as a function of both social status within the stable group, and prior exposure to a social model. High status animals responded more frequently, but were less successful in acquiring appropriate response delay. Exposure to the model improved response latencies and acquisition of response delay for all subjects. However, model exposure did not improve alternation performance. Results are discussed in terms of prior social experience of the subjects, general learning strategies, and differential sensitivity to multiple reinforcement contingencies. Findings are related to ethological concepts of imitation, and field reports on primate social learning. |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
573 |
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| Author |
Clutton-Brock, T.H.; Greenwood, P.J.; Powell, R.P. |
| Title |
Ranks and relationships in Highland ponies and Highland Cows |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1976 |
Publication |
Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie |
Abbreviated Journal |
Z. Tierpsychol. |
| Volume |
41 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
202-216 |
| Keywords |
Agonistic Behavior; Animals; *Cattle; Female; Grooming; *Horses; Male; *Social Dominance; Spatial Behavior |
| Abstract |
Recent studies of primates have questioned the importance of dominance hierarchies in groups living under natural conditions. In a herd of Highland ponies and one of Highland cattle grazing under free-range conditions on the Isle of Rhum (Inner Hebrides) well defined hierarchies were present. The provision of food produced a marked increase in the frequency of agonistic interactions but had no effect on the rank systems of the two herds. While rank was clearly important in affecting the distribution of agonistic interactions, it was poorly related to behaviour in non-agonistic situations. |
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0044-3573 |
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| Notes |
PMID:961125 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
661 |
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| Author |
Hansen Rm, |
| Title |
Foods of free-roaming horses in southern New Mexico |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1976 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
J Range Mgmt |
| Volume |
29 |
Issue |
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Pages |
347 |
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| Notes |
from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
Approved |
no |
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Serial |
1159 |
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| Author |
Heck H, |
| Title |
Die Erhaltung des Pzewalskipferdes |
Type |
Book Whole |
| Year |
1976 |
Publication |
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| Notes |
from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
Approved |
no |
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Serial |
1170 |
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| Author |
Hubbard Re, H.R. |
| Title |
Diets of wild horses, cattles and mule deer in the Piceance Basin, Colorado |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1976 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
J Range Mgmt 29 |
| Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
389-392 |
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| Notes |
from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
Approved |
no |
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Serial |
1206 |
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| Author |
Keiper, R. |
| Title |
Social organization of feral ponies |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1976 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
Proc Pennsyl Acad Sci |
| Volume |
50 |
Issue |
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Pages |
69-70 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
Approved |
no |
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Serial |
1250 |
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| Author |
Ödberg Fo, |
| Title |
A study on eliminative and grazing behaviour – the use of the field by captive horses |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1976 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
Equine Vet J |
| Volume |
8 |
Issue |
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Pages |
147-149 |
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| Notes |
from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
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Serial |
1428 |
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