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Author | Keil, N.M., Sambraus, H.H. | ||||
Title | “Intervenors” in agonistic interactions amongst domesticated goats | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1998 | Publication | Zeitschrift fur Säugetierkunde | Abbreviated Journal | Z. Säugetierk. |
Volume | 63 | Issue | 5 | Pages | 266-272 |
Keywords | Behaviour; Domestication; Goat; Intervention; Rank order | ||||
Abstract | Social behaviour was observed in individually marked goats in two herds. The goats from one herd (n = 98) were horned, those of the other herd (n = 83) were polled. By recording agonistic interactions within the herds, a dominance index was determined for each animal. In both herds, intervention took place. Intervention is defined as one animal pushing in between two fighters, and thus ending the fight. More cases of intervention took place per individual animal amongst the horned goats than amongst the polled ones. Goats which intervened in fights on several occasions usually had a high dominance index. Members of the herd which were observed intervening only once had an average dominance index in both herds of almost 0.5. In some cases, goats very low in the rank order intervened a fight. Only rarely did the intervenors have a lower dominance index than the two fighters. In 103 cases, the direct dominance relationship between a fighting animal and the intervenor was known. In 95 cases (92.2%), the intervenor was dominant to the herd member in this fight and in just eight cases (7.8%), it was subordinate. It could not be determined what advantage the intervenor gained from its activity. It is possible that, at least in certain cases, a particularly relationship existed between the intervenor and one of the fighters. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5236 | ||
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Author | Henzi, S.P.; Lycett, J.E.; Weingrill, T. | ||||
Title | Mate guarding and risk assessment by male mountain baboons during inter-troop encounters | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1998 | Publication | Animal Behaviour. | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Behav. |
Volume | 55 | Issue | 6 | Pages | 1421-1428 |
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Abstract | Aggressive herding of females is a frequent but not invariant response by male savannah baboons,Papio cynocephalus, to encounters with other troops. While males in some troops are consistently more likely to herd than those in others, not all inter-troop encounters result in herding, even within particular troops. This suggests that males assess the risk of male invasion posed by each encounter and respond accordingly. We used data from baboon troops in the Drakensberg mountains to determine the rules males follow in deciding whether to herd. Consistent differences between troops were explained only by the adult sex ratio. Males were more likely to herd if the sex ratio of their own troop was female biased, a finding that is concordant with the observation that males are more likely to immigrate into troops where the sex ratio is more female biased than the population average. Differences within troops were a consequence only of encounter distance, with herding being more likely at closer distances. We found a negative correlation between the angle of approach to the other troop and the subsequent angle of deflection. We interpret this to mean that herding functions to increase the distance between the interacting troops, thereby curtailing opportunities for strange males to inspect the troop and determine its sex ratio. In this way, possibly unlike those in other populations, the decision rules of these male baboons are geared to protecting longer-term reproductive prospects. | ||||
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ISSN | 0003-3472 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5311 | ||
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Author | Wittling, W.; Block, A.; Schweiger, E.; Genzel, S. | ||||
Title | Hemisphere Asymmetry in Sympathetic Control of the Human Myocardium | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1998 | Publication | Brain and Cognition | Abbreviated Journal | Brain Cogn. |
Volume | 38 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 17-35 |
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Abstract | Hemisphere asymmetry in sympathetic control of myocardial performance was studied in healthy human subjects using lateralized film presentation for selective sensory stimulation of the hemispheres and impedance cardiography for the evaluation of cardiac output, systolic time intervals and myocardial contractility. Results revealed a clear and consistent right hemisphere predominance in sympathetically mediated control of various components of myocardial performance. There is reason to assume that the obtained hemisphere differences in autonomic control of the heart are self-reliant processes not depending on emotion-related hemisphere asymmetry. As far as we know, this is the first study examining the distinct roles of the cerebral hemispheres in neural control of ventricular myocardial functions. | ||||
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ISSN | 0278-2626 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5351 | ||
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Author | Potts, R. | ||||
Title | Variability selection in hominid evolution | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1998 | Publication | Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews | Abbreviated Journal | Evol. Anthropol. |
Volume | 7 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 81-96 |
Keywords | variability selection; hominids; environment; adaptation; natural selection; evolution | ||||
Abstract | Variability selection (abbreviated as VS) is a process considered to link adaptive change to large degrees of environment variability. Its application to hominid evolution is based, in part, on the pronounced rise in environmental remodeling that took place over the past several million years. The VS hypothesis differs from prior views of hominid evolution, which stress the consistent selective effects associated with specific habitats or directional trends (e.g., woodland, savanna expansion, cooling). According to the VS hypothesis, wide fluctuations over time created a growing disparity in adaptive conditions. Inconsistency in selection eventually caused habitat-specific adaptations to be replaced by structures and behaviors responsive to complex environmental change. Key hominid adaptations, in fact, emerged during times of heightened variability. Early bipedality, encephalized brains, and complex human sociality appear to signify a sequence of VS adaptations—i.e., a ratcheting up of versatility and responsiveness to novel environments experienced over the past 6 million years. The adaptive results of VS cannot be extrapolated from selection within a single environmental shift or relatively stable habitat. If some complex traits indeed require disparities in adaptive setting (and relative fitness) in order to evolve, the VS idea counters the prevailing view that adaptive change necessitates long-term, directional consistency in selection. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc. | ||||
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Publisher | John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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ISSN | 1520-6505 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5461 | ||
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Author | Weng, R.C.; Edwards, S.A.; English, P.R. | ||||
Title | Behaviour, social interactions and lesion scores of group-housed sows in relation to floor space allowance | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1998 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
Volume | 59 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 307-316 |
Keywords | Pig-social behaviour; Space requirements; Anomalous behaviour | ||||
Abstract | The space allowance appropriate for sows in group housing remains scientifically undefined, since the social space requirement of a group of animals and the factors which affect this are unknown. Eight established groups of six pregnant, multiparous sows were used in a replicated Latin Square design of experiment, with 7 day periods, to compare four pen sizes providing 2.0, 2.4, 3.6 or 4.8 m2/sow. For the last 48 h of each 7 day period, a continuous video recording was made to determine general behaviour and all social interactions. Time spent rooting increased progressively with increasing space allowance, whereas time spent sitting and standing inactive were both progressively reduced. The total frequency of social interactions and aggressive behaviour both increased with decreasing space allowance. The Attack:Retreat ratio was significantly higher, and the Avoidance Index significantly lower, in the smallest pen. All body regions had the highest count of lesions after sows had been in the smallest pen, with damage levels being reduced as pen area increased. Analysis of body lesion scores, combining incidence and severity, gave the same treatment effects. In conclusion, the results indicated that a minimum space of between 2.4 and 3.6 m2/sow was necessary in the conditions of this experiment to promote good welfare. This result cannot be generalised to situations of different group size, group stability or feeding method. | ||||
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ISSN | 0168-1591 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5474 | ||
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Author | Schwartz, E.B.; Granger, D.A.; Susman, E.J.; Gunnar, M.R.; Laird, B. | ||||
Title | Assessing Salivary Cortisol in Studies of Child Development | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1998 | Publication | Child Development | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 69 | Issue | 6 | Pages | 1503-1513 |
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Abstract | In a series of studies, we evaluated the susceptibility of radioimmunoassays (RIA) for saliva cortisol to interference effects caused by oral stimulants used to facilitate saliva collection in studies with children. When added directly to saliva samples, oral stimulants (drink mix crystals) artificially inflated estimated cortisol concentrations. The magnitude of the interference effect was concentration-dependent and more pronounced for some stimulants and RIA procedures than for others. Analysis of samples collected using oral stimulants from child and adult participants confirmed stimulant interference as an extraneous source of variability in measured saliva cortisol. Associations between serum and saliva cortisol and between saliva cortisol and “behavioral” variables were attenuated by stimulant interference. A survey of six large child studies estimated interference effects, indexed by low sample pH, to be present in 14.7% of the 1,148 total saliva samples, or 2%-54% (M= 22%) of samples within each study. Recommendations to minimize the impact of stimluant interference in studies involving salivary cortisol in the context of child health and development are outlined. | ||||
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Publisher | Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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ISSN | 1467-8624 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5562 | ||
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Author | Byrne, R. W.; Russon, A. E. | ||||
Title | Learning by imitation: a hierachical approach | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1998 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | Behav. Brain Sci. | |
Volume | 21 | Issue | Pages | 667-721 | |
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5598 | ||
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Author | Vetvik, H.; Grewal, H.M.S.; Haugen, I.L.; Åhrén, C.; Haneberg, B. | ||||
Title | Mucosal antibodies can be measured in air-dried samples of saliva and feces | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1998 | Publication | Journal of Immunological Methods | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 215 | Issue | 1–2 | Pages | 163-172 |
Keywords | Saliva; Feces; IgA; IgG; Air-drying | ||||
Abstract | IgA antibodies reflecting airways or intestinal mucosal immune responses can be found in saliva and feces, respectively, and IgG antibodies reflecting serum antibodies can be found in saliva. In this study, antibodies were detected in samples of saliva and feces which had been air-dried at room temperature (+20°C) or +37°C, and stored at these temperatures for up to 6 months. In saliva the antibody levels increased, while the antibodies in feces decreased upon storage. The individual IgA antibody concentrations which were adjusted by using the ratios of specific IgA/total IgA were relatively stable in both saliva and feces, and correlated with corresponding antibody levels in samples which had been stored at -20°C. The results indicate that air-dried saliva and feces can be used for semiquantitative measurements of mucosal antibodies, even after prolonged storage at high temperatures and lack of refrigeration. | ||||
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ISSN | 0022-1759 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5996 | ||
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Author | Daniel, J.C.; Mikulka, P.J. | ||||
Title | Discrimination learning in the white rhinoceros | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1998 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
Volume | 58 | Issue | 1–2 | Pages | 197-202 |
Keywords | Rhinoceros; Learning | ||||
Abstract | This study examined the ability of two adult white rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum simum) to develop a visual discrimination between an open circle and a triangle. These stimuli were presented as black symbols on large white cards. The cards were presented 4.6 m apart and a food reward was given if the subject approached the open circle. Ten discrimination choices were given daily until each subject reached the criterion of 80% correct responding over a block of 50 trials. The female reached the criterion over trials 151–200, while the male required considerably longer (trials 501–550). The male's discrimination was dramatically affected by a shift in the food reward. This study demonstrates that these rhinos were able to develop a successful discrimination and this protocol could be used to further examine their visual acuity. | ||||
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ISSN | 0168-1591 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 6145 | ||
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Author | Klingel, H. | ||||
Title | Observations on social organization and behaviour of African and Asiatic Wild Asses (Equus africanus and Equus hemionus) | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1998 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl Anim Behav Sci |
Volume | 60 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 103-113 |
Keywords | Equus africanus Equus hemionus Territoriality | ||||
Abstract | 1This paper appears with kind permission of Verlag Paul Parey, Berlin and Hamburg. It was originally published in Z. Tierpsychol., 44, 323-331 (1977), ISSN 0044-3573/ASTM-Coden: ZETIAG.1 Abstract African and Asiatic Wild Asses (Equus africanus and Equus hemionus) live in unstable groups or herds of variable composition. Some of the adult stallions are territorial in large territories in which they tolerate other ♂♂. The territorial ♂♂ are dominant over all their conspecifics |
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ISSN | 0168-1591 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 6173 | ||
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