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Author |
Shettleworth, S.J.; Krebs, J.R. |
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Title |
How marsh tits find their hoards: the roles of site preference and spatial memory |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1982 |
Publication |
Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
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Volume |
8 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
354-375 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Appetitive Behavior; Birds; Cues; Discrimination Learning; *Memory; *Mental Recall; *Orientation; *Space Perception |
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Abstract |
Marsh tits (Parus palustris) store single food items in scattered locations and recover them hours or days later. Some properties of the spatial memory involved were analyzed in two laboratory experiments. In the first, marsh tits were offered 97 sites for storing 12 seeds. They recovered a median of 65% of them 2-3 hr later, making only two errors per seed while doing so. Over trials, they used some sites more often than others, but during recovery they were more likely to visit a site of any preference value if they had stored a seed there that day than if they had not. Recovery performance was much worse if the experimenters moved the seeds between storage and recovery. A fixed search strategy that had some of the same average properties as the tits' search behavior also did worse than the real birds. In Experiment 2, any tendency to visit the same sites on successive daily tests in the aviary was placed in opposition to memory for storage sites by allowing the tits to store more seeds 2 hr after storing a first batch. They tended to avoid individual storage sites holding seeds from the first batch. When the tits searched for all the seeds 2 hr later, they tended to recover more seeds from the second batch than from the first, i.e., there was a recency effect. |
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0097-7403 |
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PMID:7175447 |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
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385 |
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Author |
Shettleworth, S.J.; Juergensen, M.R. |
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Title |
Reinforcement and the organization of behavior in golden hamsters: brain stimulation reinforcement for seven action patterns |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1980 |
Publication |
Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
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Volume |
6 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
352-375 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; Cricetinae; Electric Stimulation; Female; Hypothalamus/*physiology; Male; Medial Forebrain Bundle/physiology; Mesocricetus; *Reinforcement (Psychology) |
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Abstract |
Golden hamsters were reinforced with intracranial electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus (ICS) for spending time engaging in one of seven topographically defined action patterns (APs). The stimulation used as reinforcer elicited hoarding and/or feeding and supported high rates of bar pressing. In Experiment 1, hamsters were reinforced successively for digging, open rearing, and face washing. Digging increased most in time spent, and face washing increased least. Experiments 2-5 examined these effects further and also showed that “scrabbling,” like digging, was performed a large proportion of the time, almost without interruption, for contingent ICS but that scratching the body with a hindleg and scent-marking showed relatively little effect of contingent ICS, the latter even in an environment that facilitated marking. In Experiment 6, naive hamsters received ICS not contingent on behavior every 30 sec (fixed-time 30-sec schedule). Terminal behaviors that developed on this schedule were APs that were easy to reinforce in the other experiments, but a facultative behavior, face washing, was one not so readily reinforced. Experiment 7 confirmed a novel prediction from Experiment 6--that wall rearing, a terminal AP, would be performed at a high level for contingent ICS. All together, the results point to both motivational factors and associative factors being involved in the considerable differences in performance among different reinforced activities. |
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0097-7403 |
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PMID:6968817 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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386 |
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Author |
Klingel, H. |
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Title |
Social organization of feral horses |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1982 |
Publication |
Journal of Reproduction and Fertility. Supplement |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Reprod Fertil Suppl |
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Volume |
32 |
Issue |
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Pages |
89-95 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Animals, Wild; Female; Horses/*physiology; Male; Sexual Behavior, Animal; *Social Behavior; Territoriality |
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Abstract |
The basic social unit in feral horses is the family group consisting of one stallion, one to a few unrelated mares and their foals. Surplus stallions associate in bachelor groups. Stallions are instrumental in bringing mares together in a unit which then persists even without a stallion. The similarity of social organization in populations living in a variety of different habitats indicates that feral horses have reverted to the habits of their wild ancestors, and that domestication has had no influence on this basic behavioural feature. |
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0449-3087 |
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Notes |
PMID:6962906 |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
1958 |
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Author |
Turner, J.W.J.; Kirkpatrick, J.F. |
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Title |
Androgens, behaviour and fertility control in feral stallions |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1982 |
Publication |
Journal of reproduction and fertility. Supplement |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Reprod Fertil Suppl |
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Volume |
32 |
Issue |
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Pages |
79-87 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Animals, Wild; Copulation/drug effects; Female; *Fertility/drug effects; Horses/*physiology; Male; Periodicity; Pregnancy; Seasons; *Sexual Behavior, Animal/drug effects; Sexual Maturation; Sperm Count; Sperm Motility/drug effects; Testosterone/*blood/pharmacology |
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This field study of feral stallions in Montana and Idaho examines and correlates the seasonal pattern of plasma androgens and specific sociosexual behaviour and reports the effect of a long-acting androgenic steroid on this behaviour and on fertility. Plasma testosterone was measured by competitive protein binding assay in samples obtained by jugular venepuncture from captured animals. In samples taken from 34 sexually mature stallions in 6 different months during the year, a definite seasonal pattern in testosterone was present, with a peak in May (3.04 +/- 0.63 ng/ml) and a nadir in December (1.55 +/- 0.34 ng/ml). Values were less than 2.0 ng/ml in non-breeding months and greater than 2.4 ng/ml in breeding months. Behavioural endpoints measured were (1) stallion scent marking in response to elimination by mares (elimination marking), (2) mounting and (3) copulation. The frequencies of each of these endpoints followed closely the seasonal pattern seen for plasma androgens. In the fertility study microcapsulated testosterone propionate (microTP) was administered i.m. to 10 harem stud stallions 3 months before the 1980 breeding season. In these stallions and in 10 control harem studs, the above behavioural endpoints were examined in the 1980 and 1981 breeding seasons, and foal counts were made in 1981. There were no direct inhibitory or stimulatory effects of microTP treatment on any of the behavioural endpoints in either year. In 1981 foals were produced in 87.5% of the control bands and 28.4% of the microTP-treated bands. These results indicate that microencapsulated testosterone propionate can provide effective fertility control in feral horses without causing significant alterations in sociosexual behaviour. |
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0449-3087 |
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Notes |
PMID:6962905 |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
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138 |
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Author |
Beaver, B.V. |
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Title |
Problems & values associated with dominance |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1981 |
Publication |
Veterinary medicine, small animal clinician : VM, SAC |
Abbreviated Journal |
Vet Med Small Anim Clin |
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Volume |
76 |
Issue |
8 |
Pages |
1129-1131 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Animals, Domestic; *Behavior, Animal; Cats; Cattle; Dogs; Horses; *Social Dominance; Swine |
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0042-4889 |
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Notes |
PMID:6914851 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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678 |
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Author |
Crook, J.H. |
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Title |
On attributing consciousness to animals |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1983 |
Publication |
Nature |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
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Volume |
303 |
Issue |
5912 |
Pages |
11-14 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Cognition; *Consciousness; Evolution; Learning |
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0028-0836 |
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PMID:6843653 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2795 |
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Author |
Seyfarth, R.M.; Cheney, D.L. |
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Title |
The acoustic features of vervet monkey grunts |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1984 |
Publication |
The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Acoust Soc Am |
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75 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
1623-1628 |
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Keywords |
*Acoustics; Animals; Auditory Perception; Cercopithecus/*physiology; Cercopithecus aethiops/*physiology; Cues; Dominance-Subordination; Female; Male; Social Behavior; Sound Spectrography; *Vocalization, Animal |
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Abstract |
East African vervet monkeys give short (125 ms), harsh-sounding grunts to each other in a variety of social situations: when approaching a dominant or subordinate member of their group, when moving into a new area of their range, or upon seeing another group. Although all these vocalizations sound similar to humans, field playback experiments have shown that the monkeys distinguish at least four different calls. Acoustic analysis reveals that grunts have an aperiodic F0, at roughly 240 Hz. Most grunts exhibit a spectral peak close to this irregular F0. Grunts may also contain a second, rising or falling frequency peak, between 550 and 900 Hz. The location and changes in these two frequency peaks are the cues most likely to be used by vervets when distinguishing different grunt types. |
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0001-4966 |
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PMID:6736426 |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
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703 |
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Author |
Seyfarth, R.M.; Cheney, D.L. |
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Title |
Grooming, alliances and reciprocal altruism in vervet monkeys |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1984 |
Publication |
Nature |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
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308 |
Issue |
5959 |
Pages |
541-543 |
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Keywords |
*Altruism; Animals; Cercopithecus/*physiology; Cercopithecus aethiops/*physiology; *Grooming; *Social Behavior; Vocalization, Animal |
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Abstract |
Reciprocal altruism refers to the exchange of beneficial acts between individuals, in which the benefits to the recipient exceed the cost to the altruist. Theory predicts that cooperation among unrelated animals can occur whenever individuals encounter each other regularly and are capable of adjusting their cooperative behaviour according to experience. Although the potential for reciprocal altruism exists in many animal societies, most interactions occur between closely related individuals, and examples of reciprocity among non-kin are rare. The field experiments on vervet monkeys which we present here demonstrate that grooming between unrelated individuals increases the probability that they will subsequently attend to each others' solicitations for aid. Vervets appear to be more willing to aid unrelated individuals if those individuals have behaved affinitively toward them in the recent past. In contrast, recent grooming between close genetic relatives appears to have no effect on their willingness to respond to each other's solicitations for aid. |
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0028-0836 |
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Notes |
PMID:6709060 |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
704 |
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Author |
Shettleworth, S.J. |
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Title |
Reinforcement and the organization of behavior in golden hamsters: Pavlovian conditioning with food and shock unconditioned stimuli |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1978 |
Publication |
Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
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Volume |
4 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
152-169 |
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Keywords |
Acoustic Stimulation; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; *Conditioning, Classical; Conditioning, Operant; Cricetinae; *Electroshock; Female; *Food; Male; Punishment; *Reinforcement (Psychology); Reinforcement Schedule |
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Abstract |
The effects of Pavlovian conditioned stimuli (CSs) for food or shock on a variety of behaviors of golden hamsters were observed in three experiments. The aim was to see whether previously reported differences among the behaviors produced by food reinforcement and punishment procedures could be accounted for by differential effects of Pavlovian conditioning on the behaviors. There was some correspondence between the behaviors observed to the CSs and the previously reported effects of instrumental training. However, the Pavlovian conditioned responses (CRs) alone would not have predicted the effects of instrumental training. Moreover, CRs depended to some extent on the context in which training and testing occurred. These findings, together with others in the literature, suggest that the results of Pavlovian conditioning procedures may not unambiguously predict what system of behaviors will be most readily modified by instrumental training with a given reinforcer. |
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0097-7403 |
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Notes |
PMID:670890 |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
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387 |
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Author |
Berger, J. |
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Title |
Induced abortion and social factors in wild horses |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1983 |
Publication |
Nature |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
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Volume |
303 |
Issue |
5912 |
Pages |
59-61 |
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Keywords |
Abortion, Induced/*veterinary; Abortion, Veterinary/*etiology; Aggression/physiology; Animals; Evolution; Female; Horses/*physiology; Humans; Pregnancy; Sexual Behavior, Animal/*physiology |
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Abstract |
Much evidence now suggests that the postnatal killing of young in primates and carnivores, and induced abortions in some rodents, are evolved traits exerting strong selective pressures on adult male and female behaviour. Among ungulates it is perplexing that either no species have developed convergent tactics or that these behaviours are not reported, especially as ungulates have social systems similar to those of members of the above groups. Only in captive horses (Equus caballus) has infant killing been reported. It has been estimated that 40,000 wild horses live in remote areas of the Great Basin Desert of North America (US Department of Interior (Bureau of Land Management), unpublished report), where they occur in harems (females and young) defended by males. Here I present evidence that, rather than killing infants directly, invading males induce abortions in females unprotected by their resident stallions and these females are then inseminated by the new males. |
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0028-0836 |
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Notes |
PMID:6682487 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4365 |
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