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| Author | Kruska, D. | ||||
| Title | The effect of domestication on brain size and composition in the mink (Mustela vison) | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | J Zool | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 239 | Issue | Pages | ||
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Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ Kruska1996 | Serial | 6234 | ||
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| Author | Meriggi,A.; Lovari, S. | ||||
| Title | A Review of Wolf Predation in Southern Europe: Does the Wolf Prefer Wild Prey to Livestock? | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | Journal of Applled Ecology | Abbreviated Journal | J. Appl. Ecol |
| Volume | 33 | Issue | Pages | 1561-1571 | |
| Keywords | Canis lupus, conservation, food habits, prey abundance, prey availability. | ||||
| Abstract | 1. The recent recovery of the wolf in southern Europe has not yet removed the risk of local extinction. Wolf populations are fragmented and often comprise fewer than 500 individuals. In North America, northern and eastern Europe, wolves feed maiiily on wild herbivores. In southern Europe, this canid has apparently adapted to feed also on fruit, rubbish, livestock, small and medium-size mammals. 2. The main conservation problem lies with predation o n domestic ~ingulates,w liich leads to extensive killing of wolves. The reintroduction of wild large herbivores has been advocated as a means of reducing attacks on livestock, but predatiori on the latter may remain high if domestic ungulates are locally abundant. 3. Our synthesis of 15 studies, published in the last 15 years, on food habits of the wolf in southern Europe, has shown that ungulates have been the main diet component overall. A significant inverse correlation was found between the occurrence (%) of wild and domestic ungulates in the diet. The presence of relatively few wild ungulate species was necessary to reduce predation on livestock. 4. Selection of wild and domestic ungulate prey was influenced mainly by their local abundance, but also by their accessibility. Feeding dependence on rubbish was local and rare. In Italy, the consumption of riibbish/fruit and that of ungulates was significantly negatively correlated. Diet breadth increased as the presence of large prey in tlie diet decreased. 5. The simultaneous reintroduction of severa1 wild ungulate species is likely to reduce predation on livestock and may prove to be one of the most effective conservation measures. |
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Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 6387 | ||
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| Author | Gallese, V.; Fadiga, L.; Fogassi, L.; Rizzolatti, G. | ||||
| Title | Action recognition in the premotor cortex | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | Brain | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 119 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 593-609 |
| Keywords | action encoding; visual responses; premotor cortex; macaque monkey | ||||
| Abstract | We recorded electrical activity from 532 neurons in the rostral part of inferior area 6 (area F5) of two macaque monkeys. Previous data had shown that neurons of this area discharge during goal-directed hand and mouth movements. We describe here the properties of a newly discovered set of F5 neurons ( mirror neurons', n = 92) all of which became active both when the monkey performed a given action and when it observed a similar action performed by the experimenter. Mirror neurons, in order to be visually triggered, required an interaction between the agent of the action and the object of it. The sight of the agent alone or of the object alone (three-dimensional objects, food) were ineffective. Hand and the mouth were by far the most effective agents. The actions most represented among those activating mirror neurons were grasping, manipulating and placing. In most mirror neurons (92%) there was a clear relation between the visual action they responded to and the motor response they coded. In [~]30% of mirror neurons the congruence was very strict and the effective observed and executed actions corresponded both in terms of general action (e.g. grasping) and in terms of the way in which that action was executed (e.g. precision grip). We conclude by proposing that mirror neurons form a system for matching observation and execution of motor actions. We discuss the possible role of this system in action recognition and, given the proposed homology between F5 and human Brocca's region, we posit that a matching system, similar to that of mirror neurons exists in humans and could be involved in recognition of actions as well as phonetic gestures. | ||||
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10.1093/brain/119.2.593 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5012 | ||
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| Author | Boyd, R.; Richerson, P.J. | ||||
| Title | Why Culture is Common, but Cultural Evolution is Rare | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | Proceedings of the British Academy | Abbreviated Journal | Proc Br Acad |
| Volume | 88 | Issue | Pages | 73-93 | |
| Keywords | cultural distributed evolution primates | ||||
| Abstract | If culture is defined as variation acquired and maintained by social learning, then culture is common in nature. However, cumulative cultural evolution resulting in behaviors that no individual could invent on their own is limited to humans, song birds, and perhaps chimpanzees. Circumstantial evidence suggests that cumulative cultural evolution requires the capacity for observational learning. Here, we analyze two models the evolution of psychological capacities that allow cumulative cultural evolution. Both models suggest that the conditions which allow the evolution of such capacities when rare are much more stringent than the conditions which allow the maintenance of the capacities when common. This result follows from the fact that the assumed benefit of the capacities, cumulative cultural adaptation, cannot occur when the capacities are rare. These results suggest why such capacities may be rare in nature. | ||||
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| Publisher | Royal Society/British Academy | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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http://www.proc.britac.ac.uk/cgi-bin/somsid.cgi?page=summaries/pba88#boyd | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4195 | ||
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| Author | Bermudez, J.L. | ||||
| Title | The moral significance of birth | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | Ethics | Abbreviated Journal | Ethics |
| Volume | 106 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 378-403 |
| Keywords | Abortion, Induced; Animal Rights; Animals; Beginning of Human Life; Embryonic and Fetal Development; *Ethical Analysis; *Ethics; *Fetus; Homicide; Humans; *Individuality; *Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Infanticide; *Labor, Obstetric; Life; *Personhood; Philosophy; Primates; Psychology; *Self Concept; *Value of Life; Analytical Approach; Genetics and Reproduction; Philosophical Approach | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0014-1704 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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PMID:11656645; KIE: 31 fn.; KIE: KIE BoB Subject Heading: fetuses; KIE: KIE BoB Subject Heading: personhood | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4177 | ||
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| Author | Fetterman, J.G. | ||||
| Title | Dimensions of stimulus complexity | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes | Abbreviated Journal | J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
| Volume | 22 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 3-18 |
| Keywords | Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Cognition; *Learning; Memory; Time Factors | ||||
| Abstract | Animal learning research has increasingly used complex stimuli that approximate natural objects, events, and locations, a trend that has accompanied a resurgence of interest in the role of cognitive factors in learning. Accounts of complex stimulus control have focused mainly on cognitive mechanisms and largely ignored the contribution of stimulus information to perception and memory for complex events. It is argued here that research on animal learning stands to benefit from a more detailed consideration of the stimulus and that James Gibson's stimulus-centered theory of perception serves as a useful framework for analyses of complex stimuli. Several issues in the field of animal learning and cognition are considered from the Gibsonian perspective on stimuli, including the fundamental problem of defining the effective stimulus. | ||||
| Address | Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis 46202, USA | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0097-7403 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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PMID:8568494 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2782 | ||
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| Author | Zentall, T.R.; Sherburne, L.M.; Roper, K.L.; Kraemer, P.J. | ||||
| Title | Value transfer in a simultaneous discrimination appears to result from within-event pavlovian conditioning | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes | Abbreviated Journal | J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
| Volume | 22 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 68-75 |
| Keywords | Animals; Behavior, Animal; Columbidae; *Conditioning, Classical; *Discrimination Learning; Female; Male; *Reinforcement (Psychology) | ||||
| Abstract | When pigeons acquire a simple simultaneous discrimination, some of the value acquired by the S+ transfers to the S-. The mechanism underlying this transfer of value was examined in three experiments. In Experiment 1, pigeons trained on two simultaneous discriminations (A + B- and C +/- D-) showed a preference for B over D. This preference was reduced, however, following the devaluation of A. In Experiment 2, when after the same original training, value was given to D, the pigeons' preference for C did not significantly increase. In Experiment 3, when both discriminations involved partial reinforcement (S +/-), A + C- training resulted in a preference for B over D, whereas B + D- training resulted in a preference for A over C. Thus, simultaneous discrimination training appears to result in bidirectional within-event conditioning involving the S+ and S-. | ||||
| Address | Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky Lexington 40506, USA | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0097-7403 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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PMID:8568497 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 255 | ||
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| Author | Boysen, S.T.; Bernston, G.G.; Hannan, M.B.; Cacioppo, J.T. | ||||
| Title | Quantity-based interference and symbolic representations in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes | Abbreviated Journal | J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
| Volume | 22 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 76-86 |
| Keywords | Animals; Behavior, Animal; Cognition; *Discrimination Learning; Female; Male; *Pan troglodytes; *Reinforcement (Psychology); Task Performance and Analysis | ||||
| Abstract | Five chimpanzees with training in counting and numerical skills selected between 2 arrays of different amounts of candy or 2 Arabic numerals. A reversed reinforcement contingency was in effect, in which the selected array was removed and the subject received the nonselected candies (or the number of candies represented by the nonselected Arabic numeral). Animals were unable to maximize reward by selecting the smaller array when candies were used as array elements. When Arabic numerals were substituted for the candy arrays, all animals showed an immediate shift to a more optimal response strategy of selecting the smaller numeral, thereby receiving the larger reward. Results suggest that a response disposition to the high-incentive candy stimuli introduced a powerful interference effect on performance, which was effectively overridden by the use of symbolic representations. | ||||
| Address | Ohio State University, Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210-1222, USA | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0097-7403 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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PMID:8568498 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2781 | ||
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| Author | Etienne, A.S.; Maurer, R.; Seguinot, V. | ||||
| Title | Path integration in mammals and its interaction with visual landmarks | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | The Journal of Experimental Biology | Abbreviated Journal | J Exp Biol |
| Volume | 199 | Issue | Pt 1 | Pages | 201-209 |
| Keywords | Animals; Cognition/physiology; Cricetinae; Gerbillinae; Humans; Locomotion/*physiology; Mammals/*physiology; Mesocricetus; Mice; Proprioception/physiology; Rats; Visual Pathways/*physiology; Visual Perception/*physiology | ||||
| Abstract | During locomotion, mammals update their position with respect to a fixed point of reference, such as their point of departure, by processing inertial cues, proprioceptive feedback and stored motor commands generated during locomotion. This so-called path integration system (dead reckoning) allows the animal to return to its home, or to a familiar feeding place, even when external cues are absent or novel. However, without the use of external cues, the path integration process leads to rapid accumulation of errors involving both the direction and distance of the goal. Therefore, even nocturnal species such as hamsters and mice rely more on previously learned visual references than on the path integration system when the two types of information are in conflict. Recent studies investigate the extent to which path integration and familiar visual cues cooperate to optimize the navigational performance. | ||||
| Address | Laboratoire d'Ethologie, FPSE, Universite de Geneve, Carouge, Switzerland | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0022-0949 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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PMID:8576691 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2758 | ||
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| Author | Gallistel, C.R.; Cramer, A.E. | ||||
| Title | Computations on metric maps in mammals: getting oriented and choosing a multi-destination route | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | The Journal of Experimental Biology | Abbreviated Journal | J Exp Biol |
| Volume | 199 | Issue | Pt 1 | Pages | 211-217 |
| Keywords | Animals; Brain/physiology; Cercopithecus aethiops; Cognition/*physiology; Humans; Mammals/*physiology; Movement; Orientation/*physiology; Rats; Space Perception; Visual Pathways/*physiology | ||||
| Abstract | The capacity to construct a cognitive map is hypothesized to rest on two foundations: (1) dead reckoning (path integration); (2) the perception of the direction and distance of terrain features relative to the animal. A map may be constructed by combining these two sources of positional information, with the result that the positions of all terrain features are represented in the coordinate framework used for dead reckoning. When animals need to become reoriented in a mapped space, results from rats and human toddlers indicate that they focus exclusively on the shape of the perceived environment, ignoring non-geometric features such as surface colors. As a result, in a rectangular space, they are misoriented half the time even when the two ends of the space differ strikingly in their appearance. In searching for a hidden object after becoming reoriented, both kinds of subjects search on the basis of the object's mapped position in the space rather than on the basis of its relationship to a goal sign (e.g. a distinctive container or nearby marker), even though they have demonstrably noted the relationship between the goal and the goal sign. When choosing a multidestination foraging route, vervet monkeys look at least three destinations ahead, even though they are only capable of keeping a maximum of six destinations in mind at once. | ||||
| Address | Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles 90095, USA | ||||
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| ISSN | 0022-0949 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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PMID:8576692 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2757 | ||
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