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Kwang Ng Aik; Rodrigues Daphne |
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Title |
A Big-Five Personality Profile of the Adaptor and Innovator |
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Journal Article |
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2011 |
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The Journal of Creative Behavior |
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J. Creativ. Behav. |
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36 |
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4 |
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254-268 |
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This study explored the relationship between two creative styles (adaptor and innovator) and the Big Five personality traits (extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness to experience). 164 teachers from 3 secondary and 2 primary schools in Singapore completed a self?report questionnaire, which consisted of the Kirton Adaption?Innovation Inventory and the NEO?Five Factor Inventory. It was found that adaptors were significantly more conscientious than innovators, while innovators were significantly more extraverted and open to experience than adaptors. No significant differences were found between adaptors and innovators in neuroticism and agreeableness. The study also revealed a meaningful pattern of relationships between the Big Five personality traits and the three facet scales of the KAI. Specifically, Sufficiency of Originality was negatively correlated with Openness to Experience and Extraversion; Rule Governance was positively correlated with conscientiousness but negatively correlated with openness to experience; Efficiency was positively correlated with conscientiousness. The overall findings supported the fundamental contention that different creative styles were due to different combinations of personality traits, with adaptors being more conscientious, while innovators being more extraverted and open to experience. These personality?based differences in creative styles between adaptors and innovators had resulted in much social conflict between them. One way of resolving it is to make known the nature and value of different creative styles to these two different types of creators. |
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Wiley-Blackwell |
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0022-0175 |
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doi: 10.1002/j.2162-6057.2002.tb01068.x |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6384 |
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Hofmeester, T.R.; Cromsigt, J.P.G.M.; Odden, J.; Andrén, H.; Kindberg, J.; Linnell, J.D.C. |
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Framing pictures: A conceptual framework to identify and correct for biases in detection probability of camera traps enabling multi-species comparison |
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Journal Article |
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2019 |
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Ecology and Evolution |
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Ecol Evol |
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animal characteristics; detectability; environmental variables; mammal monitoring; reuse of data; trail camera |
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Abstract Obtaining reliable species observations is of great importance in animal ecology and wildlife conservation. An increasing number of studies use camera traps (CTs) to study wildlife communities, and an increasing effort is made to make better use and reuse of the large amounts of data that are produced. It is in these circumstances that it becomes paramount to correct for the species- and study-specific variation in imperfect detection within CTs. We reviewed the literature and used our own experience to compile a list of factors that affect CT detection of animals. We did this within a conceptual framework of six distinct scales separating out the influences of (a) animal characteristics, (b) CT specifications, (c) CT set-up protocols, and (d) environmental variables. We identified 40 factors that can potentially influence the detection of animals by CTs at these six scales. Many of these factors were related to only a few overarching parameters. Most of the animal characteristics scale with body mass and diet type, and most environmental characteristics differ with season or latitude such that remote sensing products like NDVI could be used as a proxy index to capture this variation. Factors that influence detection at the microsite and camera scales are probably the most important in determining CT detection of animals. The type of study and specific research question will determine which factors should be corrected. Corrections can be done by directly adjusting the CT metric of interest or by using covariates in a statistical framework. Our conceptual framework can be used to design better CT studies and help when analyzing CT data. Furthermore, it provides an overview of which factors should be reported in CT studies to make them repeatable, comparable, and their data reusable. This should greatly improve the possibilities for global scale analyses of (reused) CT data. |
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John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |
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2045-7758 |
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doi: 10.1002/ece3.4878 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6518 |
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Sueur, C.; Jacobs, A.; Amblard, F.; Petit, O.; King, A.J. |
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How can social network analysis improve the study of primate behavior? |
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2010 |
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American Journal of Primatology |
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Am. J. Primatol. |
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73 |
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8 |
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703-719 |
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interaction; association; social system; social structure; methodology; behavioral sampling |
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Abstract When living in a group, individuals have to make trade-offs, and compromise, in order to balance the advantages and disadvantages of group life. Strategies that enable individuals to achieve this typically affect inter-individual interactions resulting in nonrandom associations. Studying the patterns of this assortativity using social network analyses can allow us to explore how individual behavior influences what happens at the group, or population level. Understanding the consequences of these interactions at multiple scales may allow us to better understand the fitness implications for individuals. Social network analyses offer the tools to achieve this. This special issue aims to highlight the benefits of social network analysis for the study of primate behaviour, assessing it's suitability for analyzing individual social characteristics as well as group/population patterns. In this introduction to the special issue, we first introduce social network theory, then demonstrate with examples how social networks can influence individual and collective behaviors, and finally conclude with some outstanding questions for future primatological research. Am. J. Primatol. 73:703?719, 2011. ? 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc. |
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Wiley-Blackwell |
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0275-2565 |
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doi: 10.1002/ajp.20915 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6410 |
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Houpt, K.A. |
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Equine behavior problems in relation to humane management |
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1981 |
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Int. J. Stud. Anim Prob. |
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Int. J. Stud. Anim. Prob. |
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2 |
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6 |
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329-337 |
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Cited By (since 1996): 7; Export Date: 21 October 2008 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4521 |
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To be deleted |
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The responses of horses in a discrimination problem |
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1937 |
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J. Compar. Physiol. Psychol. |
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23 |
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305-333 |
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Cited By (since 1996): 2; Export Date: 24 October 2008 |
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Admin @ knut @ |
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4585 |
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Bates, L.A.; Byrne, R.W. |
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Creative or created: Using anecdotes to investigate animal cognition |
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Journal Article |
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2007 |
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Methods |
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Methods |
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42 |
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1 |
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12-21 |
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Anecdote; Creativity; Intelligence; Deception; Innovation; African elephant |
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In non-human animals, creative behaviour occurs spontaneously only at low frequencies, so is typically missed by standardised observational methods. Experimental approaches have tended to rely overly on paradigms from child development or adult human cognition, which may be inappropriate for species that inhabit very different perceptual worlds and possess quite different motor capacities than humans. The analysis of anecdotes offers a solution to this impasse, provided certain conditions are met. To be reliable, anecdotes must be recorded immediately after observation, and only the records of scientists experienced with the species and the individuals concerned should be used. Even then, interpretation of a single record is always ambiguous, and analysis is feasible only when collation of multiple records shows that a behaviour pattern occurs repeatedly under similar circumstances. This approach has been used successfully to study a number of creative capacities of animals: the distribution, nature and neural correlates of deception across the primate order; the occurrence of teaching in animals; and the neural correlates of several aptitudes--in birds, foraging innovation, and in primates, innovation, social learning and tool-use. Drawing on these approaches, we describe the use of this method to investigate a new problem, the cognition of the African elephant, a species whose sheer size and evolutionary distance from humans renders the conventional methods of comparative psychology of little use. The aim is both to chart the creative cognitive capacities of this species, and to devise appropriate experimental methods to confirm and extend previous findings. |
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1046-2023 |
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also special issue: Neurocognitive Mechanisms of Creativity: A Toolkit |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6185 |
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Galef, B.G.; Laland, K.N. |
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Social Learning in Animals: Empirical Studies and Theoretical Models |
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2005 |
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BioScience |
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55 |
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6 |
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489-499 |
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AbstractThe last two decades have seen a virtual explosion in empirical research on the role of social interactions in the development of animals' behavioral repertoires, and a similar increase in attention to formal models of social learning. Here we first review recent empirical evidence of social influences on food choice, tool use, patterns of movement, predator avoidance, mate choice, and courtship, and then consider formal models of when animals choose to copy behavior, and which other animals' behavior they copy, together with empirical tests of predictions from those models. |
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0006-3568 |
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10.1641/0006-3568(2005)055[0489:Sliaes]2.0.Co;2 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6398 |
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Brinkmann, L.; Gerken, M.; Hambly, C.; Speakman, J.R.; Riek, A. |
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Saving energy during hard times: Energetic adaptations of Shetland pony mares |
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2014 |
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The Journal of Experimental Biology |
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J. Exp. Biol. |
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217 |
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4320-4327 |
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Recent results suggest that wild Northern herbivores reduce their metabolism during times of low ambient temperatures and food shortage in order to reduce their energetic needs. It is however not known if domesticated animals are also able to reduce their energy expenditure. We exposed ten Shetland pony mares to different environmental conditions (summer and winter) and to two food quantities (60 and 100% of maintenance energy requirement, respectively) during low winter temperatures to examine energetic and behavioural responses. In summer ponies showed a considerably higher field metabolic rate (FMR) (63.4±15.0 MJ d-1) compared to restrictively fed and control animals in winter (24.6±7.8 MJ d-1 and 15.0±1.1 MJ d-1, respectively). During summer conditions locomotor activity, resting heart rates and total water turnover were considerably elevated (P<0.001) compared to winter. Restrictively fed animals (N=5) compensated for the decreased energy supply by reducing their FMR by 26% compared to control animals (N=5). Furthermore, resting heart rate, body mass and body condition score were lower (29.2±2.7 beats min-1; 140±22 kg; 3.0±1.0 points) than in control animals (36.8±41 beats min-1; 165 ±31 kg; 4.4±0.7 points; P<0.05). While the observed behaviour did not change, nocturnal hypothermia was elevated. We conclude that ponies acclimatize to different climatic conditions by changing their metabolic rate, behaviour and some physiological parameters. When exposed to energy challenges, ponies, like wild herbivores, exhibited hypometabolism and nocturnal hypothermia. |
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10.1242/jeb.111815 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5836 |
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Bartal, I.B.-A.; Decety, J.; Mason, P. |
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Empathy and Pro-Social Behavior in Rats |
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2011 |
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Science |
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Science |
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334 |
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6061 |
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1427-1430 |
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Whereas human pro-social behavior is often driven by empathic concern for another, it is unclear whether nonprimate mammals experience a similar motivational state. To test for empathically motivated pro-social behavior in rodents, we placed a free rat in an arena with a cagemate trapped in a restrainer. After several sessions, the free rat learned to intentionally and quickly open the restrainer and free the cagemate. Rats did not open empty or object-containing restrainers. They freed cagemates even when social contact was prevented. When liberating a cagemate was pitted against chocolate contained within a second restrainer, rats opened both restrainers and typically shared the chocolate. Thus, rats behave pro-socially in response to a conspecific�s distress, providing strong evidence for biological roots of empathically motivated helping behavior. |
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10.1126/science.1210789 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5725 |
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Leadbeater, E.; Dawson, E.H. |
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A social insect perspective on the evolution of social learning mechanisms |
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2017 |
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |
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Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |
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114 |
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30 |
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7838-7845 |
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The social world offers a wealth of opportunities to learn from others, and across the animal kingdom individuals capitalize on those opportunities. Here, we explore the role of natural selection in shaping the processes that underlie social information use, using a suite of experiments on social insects as case studies. We illustrate how an associative framework can encompass complex, context-specific social learning in the insect world and beyond, and based on the hypothesis that evolution acts to modify the associative process, suggest potential pathways by which social information use could evolve to become more efficient and effective. Social insects are distant relatives of vertebrate social learners, but the research we describe highlights routes by which natural selection could coopt similar cognitive raw material across the animal kingdom. |
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10.1073/pnas.1620744114 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6189 |
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