| Records |
| Author |
Real, L.A. |
| Title |
Animal choice behavior and the evolution of cognitive architecture |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1991 |
Publication |
Science (New York, N.Y.) |
Abbreviated Journal |
Science |
| Volume |
253 |
Issue |
5023 |
Pages |
980-986 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Bees/genetics/*physiology; Biomechanics; *Choice Behavior; *Cognition; *Evolution; Mathematics; Models, Genetic; Probability |
| Abstract |
Animals process sensory information according to specific computational rules and, subsequently, form representations of their environments that form the basis for decisions and choices. The specific computational rules used by organisms will often be evolutionarily adaptive by generating higher probabilities of survival, reproduction, and resource acquisition. Experiments with enclosed colonies of bumblebees constrained to foraging on artificial flowers suggest that the bumblebee's cognitive architecture is designed to efficiently exploit floral resources from spatially structured environments given limits on memory and the neuronal processing of information. A non-linear relationship between the biomechanics of nectar extraction and rates of net energetic gain by individual bees may account for sensitivities to both the arithmetic mean and variance in reward distributions in flowers. Heuristic rules that lead to efficient resource exploitation may also lead to subjective misperception of likelihoods. Subjective probability formation may then be viewed as a problem in pattern recognition subject to specific sampling schemes and memory constraints. |
| Address |
Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599-3280 |
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Place of Publication |
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| Language |
English |
Summary Language |
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Original Title |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0036-8075 |
ISBN |
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Medium |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
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Notes  |
PMID:1887231 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2846 |
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| Author |
Rilling, M.E.; Neiworth, J.J. |
| Title |
How animals use images |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1991 |
Publication |
Science Progress |
Abbreviated Journal |
Sci Prog |
| Volume |
75 |
Issue |
298 Pt 3-4 |
Pages |
439-452 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Association Learning; Columbidae; *Concept Formation; *Imagination; *Mental Recall; Motion Perception; Problem Solving; *Thinking; *Visual Perception |
| Abstract |
Animal cognition is a field within experimental psychology in which cognitive processes formerly studied exclusively with people have been demonstrated in animals. Evidence for imagery in the pigeon emerges from the experiments described here. The pigeon's task was to discriminate, by pecking the appropriate choice key, between a clock hand presented on a video screen that rotated clockwise with constant velocity from a clock hand that violated constant velocity. Imagery was defined by trials on which the line rotated from 12.00 o'clock to 3.00 o'clock, then disappeared during a delay, and reappeared at a final stop location beyond 3.00 o'clock. After acquisition of a discrimination with final stop locations at 3.00 o'clock and 6.00 o'clock, the evidence for imagery was the accurate responding of the pigeons to novel locations at 4.00 o'clock and 7.00 o'clock. Pigeons display evidence of imagery by transforming a representation of movement that includes a series of intermediate steps which accurately represent the location of a moving stimulus after it disappears. |
| Address |
Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824 |
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Place of Publication |
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| Language |
English |
Summary Language |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0036-8504 |
ISBN |
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Medium |
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| Area |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
PMID:1842858 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2831 |
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| Author |
Duncan, I.J.; Petherick, J.C. |
| Title |
The implications of cognitive processes for animal welfare |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1991 |
Publication |
Journal of Animal Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Anim Sci. |
| Volume |
69 |
Issue |
12 |
Pages |
5017-5022 |
| Keywords |
*Animal Welfare; Animals; Animals, Domestic/*psychology; *Cognition |
| Abstract |
In general, codes that have been designed to safeguard the welfare of animals emphasize the importance of providing an environment that will ensure good health and a normal physiological and physical state, that is, they emphasize the animals' physical needs. If mental needs are mentioned, they are always relegated to secondary importance. The argument is put forward here that animal welfare is dependent solely on the cognitive needs of the animals concerned. In general, if these cognitive needs are met, they will protect the animals' physical needs. It is contended that in the few cases in which they do not safeguard the physical needs, it does not matter from a welfare point of view. The human example is given of being ill. It is argued that welfare is only adversely affected when a person feels ill, knows that he or she is ill, or even thinks that he or she is ill, all of which processes are cognitive ones. The implications for welfare of animals possessing certain cognitive abilities are discussed. For example, the extent to which animals are aware of their internal state while performing behavior known to be indicative of so-called states of suffering, such as fear, frustration, and pain, will determine how much they are actually suffering. With careful experimentation it may be possible to determine how negative they feel these states to be. Similarly, the extent to which animals think about items or events absent from their immediate environment will determine how frustrated they are in the absence of the real item or event but in the presence of the cognitive representation. |
| Address |
University of Guelph, Canada |
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Place of Publication |
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Editor |
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| Language |
English |
Summary Language |
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Original Title |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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| Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0021-8812 |
ISBN |
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Medium |
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| Area |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
PMID:1808195 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2753 |
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| Author |
Curtis, S.E.; Stricklin, W.R. |
| Title |
The importance of animal cognition in agricultural animal production systems: an overview |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1991 |
Publication |
Journal of Animal Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Anim Sci. |
| Volume |
69 |
Issue |
12 |
Pages |
5001-5007 |
| Keywords |
*Agriculture; Animal Population Groups/*psychology; *Animal Welfare; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; *Cognition; Heat; Helplessness, Learned; Housing, Animal/standards; Immobilization; Nesting Behavior; Pain/psychology/veterinary |
| Abstract |
To describe and then fulfill agricultural animals' needs, we must learn more about their fundamental psychological and behavioral processes. How does this animal feel? Is that animal suffering? Will we ever be able to know these things? Scientists specializing in animal cognition say that there are numerous problems but that they can be overcome. Recognition by scientists of the notion of animal awareness has been increasing in recent years, because of the work of Griffin and others. Feeling, thinking, remembering, and imagining are cognitive processes that are factors in the economic and humane production of agricultural animals. It has been observed that the animal welfare debate depends on two controversial questions: Do animals have subjective feelings? If they do, can we find indicators that reveal them? Here, indirect behavioral analysis approaches must be taken. Moreover, the linear additivity of several stressor effects on a variety of animal traits suggests that some single phenomenon is acting as a “clearinghouse” for many or all of the stresses acting on an animal at any given time, and this phenomenon might be psychological stress. Specific situations animals may encounter in agricultural production settings are discussed with respect to the animals' subjective feelings. |
| Address |
University of Illinois, Urbana 61801 |
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English |
Summary Language |
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Original Title |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0021-8812 |
ISBN |
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Medium |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
PMID:1808193 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2754 |
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| Author |
Henderson, A.J.Z. |
| Title |
Don't fence me in: managing psychological well being for elite performance horses |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science : JAAWS |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Appl. Anim. Welf. Sci. |
| Volume |
10 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
309-329 |
| Keywords |
*Animal Husbandry; Animal Welfare; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Horses/*psychology; *Physical Conditioning, Animal; *Stereotyped Behavior |
| Abstract |
This article posits that stereotypical behavior patterns and the overall psychological well being of today's performance horse could be substantially enhanced with care that acknowledges the relationship between domesticated horses and their forerunners. Feral horses typically roam in stable, social groups over large grazing territories, spending 16-20 hr per day foraging on mid- to poor-quality roughage. In contrast, today's elite show horses live in relatively small stalls, eat a limited-but rich-diet at specific feedings, and typically live in social isolation. Although the horse has been domesticated for more than 6000 years, there has been no selection for an equid who no longer requires an outlet for these natural behaviors. Using equine stereotypies as a welfare indicator, this researcher proposes that the psychological well being of today's performance horse is compromised. Furthermore, the article illustrates how minimal management changes can enhance horses' well being while still remaining compatible with the requirements of the sport-horse industry. The article discusses conclusions in terms of Fraser, Weary, Pajor, and Milligan's “integrative welfare model” (1997). |
| Address |
Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada. zamoyska@shaw.ca |
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Place of Publication |
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Editor |
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| Language |
English |
Summary Language |
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Original Title |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
1088-8705 |
ISBN |
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Medium |
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| Area |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
PMID:17970632 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4363 |
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| Author |
Allen, D.; Tanner, K. |
| Title |
Putting the horse back in front of the cart: using visions and decisions about high-quality learning experiences to drive course design |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2007 |
Publication |
CBE Life Sciences Education |
Abbreviated Journal |
CBE Life Sci Educ |
| Volume |
6 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
85-89 |
| Keywords |
Curriculum/*standards; *Decision Making; *Learning; Models, Educational; Schools; Teaching/*methods/*standards |
| Abstract |
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| Address |
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA. deallen@udel.edu |
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Thesis |
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Place of Publication |
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Editor |
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| Language |
English |
Summary Language |
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Original Title |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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| Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
1931-7913 |
ISBN |
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Medium |
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| Area |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
PMID:17548870 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
3999 |
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| Author |
Bouchet, A. |
| Title |
[Anatomy lessons on animals] |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Histoire des Sciences Medicales |
Abbreviated Journal |
Hist Sci Med |
| Volume |
40 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
331-338 |
| Keywords |
Anatomy/education/*history; Animals; Dissection/history; Education, Medical/history; Education, Veterinary/*history; France; History, 16th Century; History, 17th Century; History, 18th Century; History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; Humans; Schools, Veterinary/history |
| Abstract |
The first anatomical studies were realized on the animal by Galen and Vesalius. Bourgelat created the first veterinarian school in Lyons, then in Paris where the famous dissection of a man on his horse can be seen (Fragonard). The Lafosse dynasty was interested in the study of the horse care and the painter Sollier showed the most beautiful coloured engravings about the horses. A chair of anatomy was created to compare the human and animal anatomy by the school of Jardin des Plantes en 1855. |
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Place of Publication |
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| Language |
French |
Summary Language |
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Original Title |
Les lecons d'anatomie sur les animaux |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0440-8888 |
ISBN |
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Medium |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
PMID:17526401 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4000 |
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| Author |
Straub, A. |
| Title |
An intelligent crow beats a lab |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Science (New York, N.Y.) |
Abbreviated Journal |
Science |
| Volume |
316 |
Issue |
5825 |
Pages |
688 |
| Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; *Cognition; *Crows; Dogs; Intelligence; Memory |
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English |
Summary Language |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
1095-9203 |
ISBN |
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Medium |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
PMID:17478698 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4102 |
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| Author |
Cohen, J. |
| Title |
Animal behavior. The world through a chimp's eyes |
Type |
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| Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Science (New York, N.Y.) |
Abbreviated Journal |
Science |
| Volume |
316 |
Issue |
5821 |
Pages |
44-45 |
| Keywords |
Animal Communication; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Cognition; Cooperative Behavior; Culture; Memory; Pan troglodytes/*psychology; Social Behavior; Tool Use Behavior |
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Place of Publication |
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English |
Summary Language |
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Original Title |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
1095-9203 |
ISBN |
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Medium |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
PMID:17412932 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2832 |
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| Author |
Arlettaz, R.; Patthey, P.; Baltic, M.; Leu, T.; Schaub, M.; Palme, R.; Jenni-Eiermann, S. |
| Title |
Spreading free-riding snow sports represent a novel serious threat for wildlife |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Proceedings. Biological Sciences / The Royal Society |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc Biol Sci |
| Volume |
274 |
Issue |
1614 |
Pages |
1219-1224 |
| Keywords |
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| Abstract |
Stress generated by humans on wildlife by continuous development of outdoor recreational activities is of increasing concern for biodiversity conservation. Human disturbance often adds to other negative impact factors affecting the dynamics of vulnerable populations. It is not known to which extent the rapidly spreading free-riding snow sports actually elicit detrimental stress (allostatic overload) upon wildlife, nor what the potential associated fitness and survival costs are. Using a non-invasive technique, we evaluated the physiological stress response induced by free-riding snow sports on a declining bird species of Alpine ecosystems. The results of a field experiment in which radiomonitored black grouse (Tetrao tetrix) were actively flushed from their snow burrows once a day during four consecutive days showed an increase in the concentration of faecal stress hormone (corticosterone) metabolites after disturbance. A large-scale comparative analysis across the southwestern Swiss Alps indicated that birds had higher levels of these metabolites in human-disturbed versus undisturbed habitats. Disturbance by snow sport free-riders appears to elevate stress, which potentially represents a new serious threat for wildlife. The fitness and survival costs of allostatic adjustments have yet to be estimated. |
| Address |
Zoological Institute, Division of Conservation Biology, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 6, 3012 Bern, Switzerland. raphael.arlettaz@nat.unibe.ch |
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Place of Publication |
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English |
Summary Language |
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Original Title |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0962-8452 |
ISBN |
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Medium |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
PMID:17341459 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4075 |
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