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Author |
OUSTALET E |
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Title |
Une nouvelle espèce de zèbre, |
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1882 |
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La Nature |
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10 |
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12-14 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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no |
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1444 |
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Pocock Rj, |
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Title |
The coloration of the Quaggas |
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Journal Article |
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Nature |
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Nature |
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68 |
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356-357 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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no |
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1480 |
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Welsh Da, |
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Title |
The life of Sable Island's wild horses |
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1973 |
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Nature Canada |
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2 |
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7-14 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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no |
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1701 |
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Apicella, C.L.; Marlowe, F.W.; Fowler, J.H.; Christakis, N.A. |
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Title |
Social networks and cooperation in hunter-gatherers |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2012 |
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Nature |
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Volume |
481 |
Issue |
7382 |
Pages |
497-501 |
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Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved. |
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0028-0836 |
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10.1038/nature10736 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5577 |
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Ramsden, S.; Richardson, F.M.; Josse, G.; Thomas, M.S.C.; Ellis, C.; Shakeshaft, C.; Seghier, M.L.; Price, C.J. |
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Title |
Verbal and non-verbal intelligence changes in the teenage brain |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2011 |
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Nature |
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advance online publication |
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Intelligence quotient (IQ) is a standardized measure of human intellectual capacity that takes into account a wide range of cognitive skills1. IQ is generally considered to be stable across the lifespan, with scores at one time point used to predict educational achievement and employment prospects in later years1. Neuroimaging allows us to test whether unexpected longitudinal fluctuations in measured IQ are related to brain development. Here we show that verbal and non-verbal IQ can rise or fall in the teenage years, with these changes in performance validated by their close correlation with changes in local brain structure. A combination of structural and functional imaging showed that verbal IQ changed with grey matter in a region that was activated by speech, whereas non-verbal IQ changed with grey matter in a region that was activated by finger movements. By using longitudinal assessments of the same individuals, we obviated the many sources of variation in brain structure that confound cross-sectional studies. This allowed us to dissociate neural markers for the two types of IQ and to show that general verbal and non-verbal abilities are closely linked to the sensorimotor skills involved in learning. More generally, our results emphasize the possibility that an individual’s intellectual capacity relative to their peers can decrease or increase in the teenage years. This would be encouraging to those whose intellectual potential may improve, and would be a warning that early achievers may not maintain their potential. |
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Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved. |
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1476-4687 |
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10.1038/nature10514 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5422 |
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Stuber, G.D.; Sparta, D.R.; Stamatakis, A.M.; van Leeuwen, W.A.; Hardjoprajitno, J.E.; Cho, S.; Tye, K.M.; Kempadoo, K.A.; Zhang, F.; Deisseroth, K.; Bonci, A. |
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Title |
Excitatory transmission from the amygdala to nucleus accumbens facilitates reward seeking |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2011 |
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Nature |
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advance online publication |
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The basolateral amygdala (BLA) has a crucial role in emotional learning irrespective of valence1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 21, 22, 23. The BLA projection to the nucleus accumbens (NAc) is thought to modulate cue-triggered motivated behaviours4, 6, 7, 24, 25, but our understanding of the interaction between these two brain regions has been limited by the inability to manipulate neural-circuit elements of this pathway selectively during behaviour. To circumvent this limitation, we used in vivo optogenetic stimulation or inhibition of glutamatergic fibres from the BLA to the NAc, coupled with intracranial pharmacology and ex vivo electrophysiology. Here we show that optical stimulation of the pathway from the BLA to the NAc in mice reinforces behavioural responding to earn additional optical stimulation of these synaptic inputs. Optical stimulation of these glutamatergic fibres required intra-NAc dopamine D1-type receptor signalling, but not D2-type receptor signalling. Brief optical inhibition of fibres from the BLA to the NAc reduced cue-evoked intake of sucrose, demonstrating an important role of this specific pathway in controlling naturally occurring reward-related behaviour. Moreover, although optical stimulation of glutamatergic fibres from the medial prefrontal cortex to the NAc also elicited reliable excitatory synaptic responses, optical self-stimulation behaviour was not observed by activation of this pathway. These data indicate that whereas the BLA is important for processing both positive and negative affect, the glutamatergic pathway from the BLA to the NAc, in conjunction with dopamine signalling in the NAc, promotes motivated behavioural responding. Thus, optogenetic manipulation of anatomically distinct synaptic inputs to the NAc reveals functionally distinct properties of these inputs in controlling reward-seeking behaviours. |
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Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved. |
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1476-4687 |
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10.1038/nature10194 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5398 |
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Author |
Nagy, M.; Akos, Z.; Biro, D.; Vicsek, T. |
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Title |
Hierarchical group dynamics in pigeon flocks |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2010 |
Publication |
Nature |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
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Volume |
464 |
Issue |
7290 |
Pages |
890-893 |
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Abstract |
Animals that travel together in groups display a variety of fascinating motion patterns thought to be the result of delicate local interactions among group members1, 2, 3. Although the most informative way of investigating and interpreting collective movement phenomena would be afforded by the collection of high-resolution spatiotemporal data from moving individuals, such data are scarce4, 5, 6, 7 and are virtually non-existent for long-distance group motion within a natural setting because of the associated technological difficulties8. Here we present results of experiments in which track logs of homing pigeons flying in flocks of up to 10 individuals have been obtained by high-resolution lightweight GPS devices and analysed using a variety of correlation functions inspired by approaches common in statistical physics. We find a well-defined hierarchy among flock members from data concerning leading roles in pairwise interactions, defined on the basis of characteristic delay times between birds’ directional choices. The average spatial position of a pigeon within the flock strongly correlates with its place in the hierarchy, and birds respond more quickly to conspecifics perceived primarily through the left eye—both results revealing differential roles for birds that assume different positions with respect to flock-mates. From an evolutionary perspective, our results suggest that hierarchical organization of group flight may be more efficient than an egalitarian one, at least for those flock sizes that permit regular pairwise interactions among group members, during which leader–follower relationships are consistently manifested. |
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Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved |
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0028-0836 |
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Notes |
10.1038/nature08891 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5111 |
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Author |
Tricomi, E.; Rangel, A.; Camerer, C.F.; O/'Doherty, J.P. |
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Title |
Neural evidence for inequality-averse social preferences |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2010 |
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Nature |
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Volume |
463 |
Issue |
7284 |
Pages |
1089-1091 |
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A popular hypothesis in the social sciences is that humans have social preferences to reduce inequality in outcome distributions because it has a negative impact on their experienced reward1, 2, 3. Although there is a large body of behavioural and anthropological evidence consistent with the predictions of these theories1, 4, 5, 6, there is no direct neural evidence for the existence of inequality-averse preferences. Such evidence would be especially useful because some behaviours that are consistent with a dislike for unequal outcomes could also be explained by concerns for social image7 or reciprocity8, 9, which do not require a direct aversion towards inequality. Here we use functional MRI to test directly for the existence of inequality-averse social preferences in the human brain. Inequality was created by recruiting pairs of subjects and giving one of them a large monetary endowment. While both subjects evaluated further monetary transfers from the experimenter to themselves and to the other participant, we measured neural responses in the ventral striatum and ventromedial prefrontal cortex, two areas that have been shown to be involved in the valuation of monetary and primary rewards in both social and non-social contexts10, 11, 12, 13, 14. Consistent with inequality-averse models of social preferences, we find that activity in these areas was more responsive to transfers to others than to self in the ‘high-pay’ subject, whereas the activity of the ‘low-pay’ subject showed the opposite pattern. These results provide direct evidence for the validity of this class of models, and also show that the brain’s reward circuitry is sensitive to both advantageous and disadvantageous inequality. |
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Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved |
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0028-0836 |
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10.1038/nature08785 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5119 |
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Author |
Clutton-Brock, T. |
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Title |
Cooperation between non-kin in animal societies |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2009 |
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Nature |
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Volume |
462 |
Issue |
7269 |
Pages |
51-57 |
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Abstract |
Explanations of cooperation between non-kin in animal societies often suggest that individuals exchange resources or services and that cooperation is maintained by reciprocity. But do cooperative interactions between unrelated individuals in non-human animals really resemble exchanges or are they a consequence of simpler mechanisms? Firm evidence of reciprocity in animal societies is rare and many examples of cooperation between non-kin probably represent cases of intra-specific mutualism or manipulation. |
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Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved |
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0028-0836 |
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10.1038/nature08366 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5270 |
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Author |
Harrison, S.A.; Tong, F. |
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Title |
Decoding reveals the contents of visual working memory in early visual areas |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2009 |
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Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
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Volume |
458 |
Issue |
7238 |
Pages |
632-635 |
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Abstract |
Visual working memory provides an essential link between perception and higher cognitive functions, allowing for the active maintenance of information about stimuli no longer in view1, 2. Research suggests that sustained activity in higher-order prefrontal, parietal, inferotemporal and lateral occipital areas supports visual maintenance3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and may account for the limited capacity of working memory to hold up to 3–4 items9, 10, 11. Because higher-order areas lack the visual selectivity of early sensory areas, it has remained unclear how observers can remember specific visual features, such as the precise orientation of a grating, with minimal decay in performance over delays of many seconds12. One proposal is that sensory areas serve to maintain fine-tuned feature information13, but early visual areas show little to no sustained activity over prolonged delays14, 15, 16. Here we show that orientations held in working memory can be decoded from activity patterns in the human visual cortex, even when overall levels of activity are low. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging and pattern classification methods, we found that activity patterns in visual areas V1–V4 could predict which of two oriented gratings was held in memory with mean accuracy levels upwards of 80%, even in participants whose activity fell to baseline levels after a prolonged delay. These orientation-selective activity patterns were sustained throughout the delay period, evident in individual visual areas, and similar to the responses evoked by unattended, task-irrelevant gratings. Our results demonstrate that early visual areas can retain specific information about visual features held in working memory, over periods of many seconds when no physical stimulus is present. |
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Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved |
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0028-0836 |
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10.1038/nature07832 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4944 |
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