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	Author	Silk, J.B.
	Title	Social Components of Fitness in Primate Groups			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	Science	Abbreviated Journal	Science
	Volume	317	Issue	5843	Pages	1347-1351
	Keywords
	Abstract	There is much interest in the evolutionary forces that favored the evolution of large brains in the primate order. The social brain hypothesis posits that selection has favored larger brains and more complex cognitive capacities as a means to cope with the challenges of social life. The hypothesis is supported by evidence that shows that group size is linked to various measures of brain size. But it has not been clear how cognitive complexity confers fitness advantages on individuals. Research in the field and laboratory shows that sophisticated social cognition underlies social behavior in primate groups. Moreover, a growing body of evidence suggests that the quality of social relationships has measurable fitness consequences for individuals.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	10.1126/science.1140734			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4239
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	Author	Milo, R.; Itzkovitz, S.; Kashtan, N.; Levitt, R.; Alon, U.
	Title	Response to Comment on “Network Motifs: Simple Building Blocks of Complex Networks” and “Superfamilies of Evolved and Designed Networks”			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Science	Abbreviated Journal	Science
	Volume	305	Issue	5687	Pages	1107d
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	10.1126/science.1100519			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5031
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	Author	Clayton, N.S.
	Title	COGNITION: An Open Sandwich or an Open Question?			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Science	Abbreviated Journal	Science
	Volume	305	Issue	5682	Pages	344-
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	10.1126/science.1099512			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2955
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	Author	Artzy-Randrup, Y.; Fleishman, S.J.; Ben-Tal, N.; Stone, L.
	Title	Comment on “Network Motifs: Simple Building Blocks of Complex Networks” and “Superfamilies of Evolved and Designed Networks”			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Science	Abbreviated Journal	Science
	Volume	305	Issue	5687	Pages	1107c
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	10.1126/science.1099334			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5037
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	Author	Emery, N.J.; Clayton, N.S.
	Title	The Mentality of Crows: Convergent Evolution of Intelligence in Corvids and Apes			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Science	Abbreviated Journal	Science
	Volume	306	Issue	5703	Pages	1903-1907
	Keywords
	Abstract	Discussions of the evolution of intelligence have focused on monkeys and apes because of their close evolutionary relationship to humans. Other large-brained social animals, such as corvids, also understand their physical and social worlds. Here we review recent studies of tool manufacture, mental time travel, and social cognition in corvids, and suggest that complex cognition depends on a “tool kit” consisting of causal reasoning, flexibility, imagination, and prospection. Because corvids and apes share these cognitive tools, we argue that complex cognitive abilities evolved multiple times in distantly related species with vastly different brain structures in order to solve similar socioecological problems.
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	10.1126/science.1098410			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2959
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	Author	Kaminski, J.; Call, J.; Fischer, J.
	Title	Word Learning in a Domestic Dog: Evidence for “Fast Mapping”			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Science	Abbreviated Journal	Science
	Volume	304	Issue	5677	Pages	1682-1683
	Keywords
	Abstract	During speech acquisition, children form quick and rough hypotheses about the meaning of a new word after only a single exposure--a process dubbed “fast mapping.” Here we provide evidence that a border collie, Rico, is able to fast map. Rico knew the labels of over 200 different items. He inferred the names of novel items by exclusion learning and correctly retrieved those items right away as well as 4 weeks after the initial exposure. Fast mapping thus appears to be mediated by general learning and memory mechanisms also found in other animals and not by a language acquisition device that is special to humans.
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	10.1126/science.1097859			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4678
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	Author	Milo, R.; Itzkovitz, S.; Kashtan, N.; Levitt, R.; Shen-Orr, S.; Ayzenshtat, I.; Sheffer, M.; Alon, U.
	Title	Superfamilies of Evolved and Designed Networks			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Science	Abbreviated Journal	Science
	Volume	303	Issue	5663	Pages	1538-1542
	Keywords
	Abstract	Complex biological, technological, and sociological networks can be of very different sizes and connectivities, making it difficult to compare their structures. Here we present an approach to systematically study similarity in the local structure of networks, based on the significance profile (SP) of small subgraphs in the network compared to randomized networks. We find several superfamilies of previously unrelated networks with very similar SPs. One superfamily, including transcription networks of microorganisms, represents “rate-limited” information-processing networks strongly constrained by the response time of their components. A distinct superfamily includes protein signaling, developmental genetic networks, and neuronal wiring. Additional superfamilies include power grids, protein-structure networks and geometric networks, World Wide Web links and social networks, and word-adjacency networks from different languages.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	10.1126/science.1089167			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5033
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	Author	Silk, J.B.; Alberts, S.C.; Altmann, J.
	Title	Social Bonds of Female Baboons Enhance Infant Survival			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Science	Abbreviated Journal	Science
	Volume	302	Issue	5648	Pages	1231-1234
	Keywords
	Abstract	Among nonhuman primates, females often form strong bonds with kin and other group members. These relationships are thought to have adaptive value for females, but direct effects of sociality on fitness have never been demonstrated. We present 16 years of behavioral data from a well-studied population of wild baboons, which demonstrate that sociality of adult females is positively associated with infant survival, an important component of variation in female lifetime fitness. The effects of sociality on infant survival are independent of the effects of dominance rank, group membership, and environmental conditions. Our results are consistent with the evidence that social support has beneficial effects on human health and well-being across the life span. For humans and other primates, sociality has adaptive value.
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	10.1126/science.1088580			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5151
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	Author	Sumpter, D.J.T.
	Title	The principles of collective animal behaviour			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences	Abbreviated Journal	Phil. Trans. Biol. Sci.
	Volume	361	Issue	1465	Pages	5-22
	Keywords
	Abstract	In recent years, the concept of self-organization has been used to understand collective behaviour of animals. The central tenet of self-organization is that simple repeated interactions between individuals can produce complex adaptive patterns at the level of the group. Inspiration comes from patterns seen in physical systems, such as spiralling chemical waves, which arise without complexity at the level of the individual units of which the system is composed. The suggestion is that biological structures such as termite mounds, ant trail networks and even human crowds can be explained in terms of repeated interactions between the animals and their environment, without invoking individual complexity. Here, I review cases in which the self-organization approach has been successful in explaining collective behaviour of animal groups and societies. Ant pheromone trail networks, aggregation of cockroaches, the applause of opera audiences and the migration of fish schools have all been accurately described in terms of individuals following simple sets of rules. Unlike the simple units composing physical systems, however, animals are themselves complex entities, and other examples of collective behaviour, such as honey bee foraging with its myriad of dance signals and behavioural cues, cannot be fully understood in terms of simple individuals alone. I argue that the key to understanding collective behaviour lies in identifying the principles of the behavioural algorithms followed by individual animals and of how information flows between the animals. These principles, such as positive feedback, response thresholds and individual integrity, are repeatedly observed in very different animal societies. The future of collective behaviour research lies in classifying these principles, establishing the properties they produce at a group level and asking why they have evolved in so many different and distinct natural systems. Ultimately, this research could inform not only our understanding of animal societies, but also the principles by which we organize our own society.
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	10.1098/rstb.2005.1733			Approved	yes
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5145
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	Author	Kummer, H.; Goodall, J.
	Title	Conditions of Innovative Behaviour in Primates			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1985	Publication	Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B, Biological Sciences	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	308	Issue	1135	Pages	203-214
	Keywords
	Abstract	Innovative behaviour achieved through exploration, learning and insight heavily depends on certain motivational, social and ecological conditions of short duration. We propose that more attention should be given to what these conditions are and where they are realized in natural groups of non-human primates. Only to the extent that such favourable conditions were frequently realized in a social structure or an extraspecific environment could selective pressures act on innovative abilities. There is hope that research into field conditions of innovative behaviour will help to identify its selectors in evolution.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	10.1098/rstb.1985.0020			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5751
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