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Doucette, T.A.; Ryan, C.L.; Tasker, R.A. |
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Gender-based changes in cognition and emotionality in a new rat model of epilepsy |
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2007 |
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Amino Acids |
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32 |
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317-322 |
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3404 |
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Author |
Bolhuis, J. |
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Title |
Function and mechanism in neuroecology: looking for clues |
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Journal Article |
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2005 |
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Animal Biology (formerly Netherlands Journal of Zoology) |
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55 |
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4 |
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457-490 |
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The four questions that Niko Tinbergen identified for behavioural biology ? evolution, function, development and causation ? are all important and should be studied in their own right. Recently, there has been a debate as to whether these four questions should be investigated separately or whether they should be integrated. Integration of the four questions has been attempted in novel research disciplines such as cognitive ecology, evolutionary psychology and neuroecology. Euan Macphail and I have criticised these integrative approaches, suggesting that they are fundamentally flawed as they confound function and mechanism. Investigating the function or evolutionary history of a behaviour or cognitive system is important and entirely legitimate. However, such investigations cannot provide us with answers to questions about the mechanisms underlying behaviour or cognition. At most, functional or evolutionary considerations can provide clues that may be useful for a causal analysis of the underlying mechanisms. However, these clues can be misleading and are often wrong, as is illustrated with examples from song learning and food storing in birds. After summarising the main issues in the neuroecology debate, I discuss some misunderstandings that were apparent in the responses to our critique, as well as some recent relevant data. Recent results do not support the neuroecological approach. Finally, I suggest that the way forward is a cautious and critical use of functional and evolutionary clues in the study of the mechanisms of behaviour. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3396 |
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Dugatkin, L.A.; Alfieri, M. |
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Title |
Guppies and the TIT FOR TAT strategy: preference based on past interaction |
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Year |
1991 |
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Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology |
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Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. |
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28 |
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4 |
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243-246 |
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The evolution of cooperation requires either (a) nonrandom interactions, such that cooperators preferentially interact with other cooperators, or (b) conditional behaviors, such that individuals act cooperatively primarily towards other cooperators. Although these conditions can be met without assuming sophisticated animal cognition, they are more likely to be met if animals can remember individuals with whom they have interacted, associate past interactions with these individuals, and base future behavior on this information. Here we show that guppies (Poecilia reticulata), in the context of predator inspection behavior, can identify and remember (for at least 4 h) the “more cooperative” among two conspecifics and subsequently choose to be near these individuals in future encounters. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3397 |
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Kaplan, G.; Rogers, L.J. |
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Title |
Patterns of Gazing in Orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2002 |
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International Journal of Primatology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Int. J. Primatol. |
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23 |
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3 |
Pages |
501-526 |
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Eyes play an important role in communication amongst humans and animals. However, relatively little is known about specific differences in eye morphology amongst primates and how these features might be associated with social structure and direction of gaze. We present a detailed study of gazing and eye morphology-exposed sclera and surrounding features in orangutans. We measured gazing in rehabilitating orangutans in two contexts: interspecific viewing of the experimenter (with video camera) and intraspecific gazing (between subjects). Our findings show that direct staring is avoided and social looking is limited to certain age/social categories: juveniles engage in more looking at other orangutans than do adults or infants. While orangutans use eye movements in social communication, they avoid the more prolonged mutual gaze that is characteristic of humans, and also apparent in chimpanzees and gorillas. Detailed frame-by-frame analysis of videotapes from field and zoo studies of orangutans revealed that they pay visual attention to both human observers and conspecifics by glancing sideways, with the head turned at an angle away from the subject being observed. Mutual gaze was extremely rare, and we have observed only two incidences of gaze following. Orangutans in captivity appear to use a more restricted pattern of gazes compared to free-living, rehabilitating ones, possibly suggesting the presence of a pathological condition (such as depression) in the captive subjects. Our findings have implications for further investigations of social communication and cognition in orangutans. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3398 |
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Author |
Zachritz W.H.; Lundie L.L.; Wang H.; Thomas R.K. |
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Title |
Investigating cognitive abilities in animals: unrealized potential |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1996 |
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Cognitive Brain Research |
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3 |
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157-166 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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3449 |
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Bizot J.-C.; Thiebot M.-H. |
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Impulsivity as a confounding factor in certain animal tests of cognitive function |
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1996 |
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Cognitive Brain Research |
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3 |
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243-250 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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3450 |
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Davidsson T.E.; Leonardson L.G.; Marston H.M. |
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Analysis of cognitive function in animals, the value of SDT |
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1996 |
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Cognitive Brain Research |
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3 |
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269-277 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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3451 |
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Anderson B. |
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Dendrites and cognition: A negative pilot study in the rat |
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1995 |
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Intelligence |
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20 |
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291-308 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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3453 |
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Laughlin N.K.; Lasky R.E.; Luck M.L.; Kluender K.R.; Hecox K.E. |
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Early lead exposure alters behavioral and electrophysiological indices of auditory processing in the rhesus monkey |
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1995 |
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Neurotoxicology and Teratology |
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17 |
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374-374 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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3456 |
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Bekoff, M. |
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Cognitive Ethology and the Treatment of Non-Human Animals: How Mati'ers of Mind Inform Mati'ers of Welfare |
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1994 |
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Animal Welfare |
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3 |
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75-96 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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3457 |
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