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| Author |
Kirkpatrick, J.F.; Turner, J.W. |
| Title |
Changes in herd stallions among feral horse bands and the absence of forced copulation and induced abortion |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1991 |
Publication |
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. |
| Volume |
29 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
217-219 |
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| Abstract |
Forced copulation and induced abortion were investigated in a herd of feral horses inhabiting a coastal barrier island. Eight mares were diagnosed pregnant in August and October 1989 by means of urinary and fecal steroid metabolites, prior to documented changes in herd stallions. These mares were observed for harassment and forced copulation by the new stallions and for the presence of foals during the spring and summer of 1990. No incidents of harassment or attempts at forced copulation were witnessed and seven of the eight mares produced foals in 1990. These data indicate that forced copulation and induced abortion are not common events among all feral horse herds and suggest reinvestigation of this hypothesized phenomenon. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2327 |
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| Author |
Chapais, B.; Girard, M.; Primi, G. |
| Title |
Non-kin alliances, and the stability of matrilineal dominance relations in Japanese macaques |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1991 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
41 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
481-491 |
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| Abstract |
Alliances among kin play a major role in a female's acquisition of her mother's dominance rank in many species of cercopithecines. It is noteworthy, however, that kin rarely form coalitions to challenge females from higher-ranking matrilines, and that matrilineal hierarchies are remarkably stable. One possible reason for the rarity of destabilizing coalitions is that members of high-ranking matrilines form alliances against lower ranking ones. In this paper the patterning of aggressive support among non-kin, and its effect on the stability of rank relations are analysed in a captive group of Japanese macaques, Macaca fuscata, composed of three unrelated matrilines. Analysis of the distribution of non-kin interventions in conflicts between matrilines over a 52-month period revealed a clear pattern of preferential support between the two dominant matrilines against the third-ranking one. This pattern was confirmed experimentally. Any member of the two dominant matrilines was unable, individually, to maintain its rank above the third-ranking matriline, but was able to do so in the presence of the other dominant matriline. Non-kin alliances appear to prevent subordinate females from challenging higher ranking females through revolutionary coalitions (formed among subordinates) or through bridging coalitions (formed among individuals ranking above and below the target). Non-kin support is interpreted in terms of cooperation versus reciprocal altruism. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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2863 |
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| Author |
Petherick, J.C.; Waddington, D.; Duncan, I.J.H. |
| Title |
Learning to gain access to a foraging and dustbathing substrate by domestic fowl: is `out of sight out of mind'? |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1991 |
Publication |
Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
| Volume |
22 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
213-226 |
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Domestic fowl; Dustbathing; Welfare; Learning; Cognition |
| Abstract |
Domestic fowl were deprived of the opportunity to perform litter-related behaviour for three or four days and were tested in a Y-maze (which they had previously been trained to run) for their ability to associate a coloured cue with gaining access to peat. When the goal boxes were within sight of the choice point, most birds chose peat. However, when the birds had to rely solely on the coloured cue only one bird from 12 showed learning. However, the birds seemed to have some expectation of a reward, as they ran faster if, on the previous trial, they had chosen peat. The inability of the birds to learn the association may have been an artefact of the schedule of deprivation and testing, for when they were hungry and tested in the same way they were again unable to learn an association between the same coloured cue and food reward. The experiment with peat was repeated using “massed” trials (several trials in immediate succession) during training and testing and six from 15 birds showed learning. These results suggest that the initial failure to learn was probably due to the training and testing schedule, that access to peat appears to be rewarding and that hens can learn an association between an abstract cue and a rewarding consequence. This is consistent with the possibility that domestic fowls may have some cognitive representation of peat when it is out of sight. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
3609 |
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| Author |
Schulte, N.; Klingel, H. |
| Title |
Herd Structure, Leadership, Dominance and Site Attachment of the Camel, Camelus Dromedarius |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1991 |
Publication |
Behaviour |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behaviour |
| Volume |
118 |
Issue |
1-2 |
Pages |
103-114 |
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| Abstract |
Social structure and relationships in a herd of captive camels were studied in Kenya. During day and night the herd split up irrespective of kinship. Partner preferences existed only in those camels who had previously been kept in a small group separated from the herd. Dominance relationships are anonymous with four levels: a) dominant breeding bulls, b) females and bachelors, c) subadults, and d) calves. No stable leadership was observed, but individual preferences in the walking order existed when the camels left and entered the enclosure. During the night most camels showed an amazing attachment to a particular resting site; in a new boma they used corresponding sites. During moon nights activity was greatly increased. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4683 |
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| Author |
Boesch, C. |
| Title |
Teaching among wild chimpanzees |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1991 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
41 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
530-532 |
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0003-3472 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4707 |
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| Author |
Mal, M.E.; Friend, T.H.; Lay, D.C.; Vogelsang, S.G.; Jenkins, O.C. |
| Title |
Behavioral responses of mares to short-term confinement and social isolation |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1991 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume |
31 |
Issue |
1-2 |
Pages |
13-24 |
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Thirty-six mares, blocked by age and temperament score, were assigned to one of three treatment groups: pasture (P); confinement stalls (C), allowing social contact; isolation stalls (ISS), allowing no contact with conspecifics. After 48 h on treatment, the mares were observed in situ for 1 h. Medium temperament and highly reactive ISS mares spent more time eating grain (P<0.01) and exhibited more grain-eating bouts (P<0.03) than P and C mares. Calm P mares had longer forage-eating bouts than C and ISS mares (P<0.02). During a 15 min open-field test in a 23 m x 23 m pen after 72 h on treatment, ISS mares traveled farther (P<0.005) than C and P mares, spent more total time trotting (P<0.01) than C and P mares, and exhibited a greater number of trotting bouts (P<0.01) than both C and P mares. Isolated mares spent less total time standing during the open-field test than C (P<0.05) and P (P<0.01) mares, but exhibited a greater number of standing bouts than C (P<0.05) and P (P<0.01) mares. Isolated mares also exhibited a greater number of total activity bouts (P<0.01) during the open-field test than both C and P mares; P mares also exhibited fewer activity bouts than C mares (P<0.1). Results indicate that mares kept in confined and isolated environments showed greater motivation for movement and performance of a greater number of activities than those maintained on pasture with conspecifics. |
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0168-1591 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4820 |
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Penzhorn, B.L.; Novellie, P.A. |
| Title |
Some behavioural traits of Cape mountain zebras (Equus zebra zebra) and their implications for the management of a small conservation area |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1991 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume |
29 |
Issue |
1-4 |
Pages |
293-299 |
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The social organisation of mountain zebras (Equus zebra zebra) consists of breeding herds (1 male, 2.4 females (range 1-5) and their offspring) which remain stable over many years, and bachelor groups. Foals leave their maternal herds of their own accord. In a free-ranging population the behaviour of the foals in leaving the herd is probably an adequate mechanism to prevent inbreeding, but inbreeding may occur in confined populations. Individual recognition by means of stripe pattern allows a check to be kept. Seasonal movement of mountain zebras is associated with a relative change in diet quality (as indicated by crude protein contents of preferred food plants and of faeces) between summer and winter habitats. Any conservation area should be large and varied enough to include both summer and winter habitats. Mountain zebras favour taller grass than most antelope species, harvesting their food at 50-150 mm from the ground. The existence of large populations of antelope could, therefore, be detrimental to zebras. |
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0168-1591 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5074 |
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Noë, R.; van Schaik, C.P.; van Hooff, J.A.R.A.M. |
| Title |
The Market Effect: an Explanation for Pay-off Asymmetries among Collaborating Animals |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1991 |
Publication |
Ethology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Ethology |
| Volume |
87 |
Issue |
1-2 |
Pages |
97-118 |
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Abstract * 1Animals can derive leverage over others from (a) resource holding power, based for instance on fighting ability or dominance, and (b) the possession of commodities, such as special skills and resources that cannot be taken away by force. * 2We contend that power based on the possession of commodities strongly depends on the level of supply and demand for that commodity, a phenomenon we call the ‘market effect’. * 3Several theoretical and empirical examples are given of social systems in which animals belong to two distinct classes that offer two different kinds of commodities. * 4The relative frequency of occurrence of the two classes is shown to determine the relative power of their members. * 5We consider the theoretical properties of bargaining processes by which relative power is converted into corresponding pay-off distributions. * 6We propose coalition games, a class of games with more than two players and in which bargaining is possible, as suitable paradigms for collaboration among members of social units. |
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Blackwell Publishing Ltd |
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1439-0310 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5413 |
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Chase, M.W.; Hills, H.H. |
| Title |
Silica Gel: An Ideal Material for Field Preservation of Leaf Samples for DNA Studies |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1991 |
Publication |
Taxon |
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40 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
215-220 |
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Silica gels an inexpensive and reliable substance to preserve field-collected leaves for molecular studies of variation in DNA. A method for its utilization is explained, and results are presented, comparing total cellular DNA samples extracted from a set of fresh and silica-gel dried samples of the same species, as well as examining the efficiency of endonuclease restriction and intactness of DNA from of a set of field-collected leaves preserved with silica gel. |
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International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT) |
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0040-0262 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6004 |
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| Author |
Lee, P. |
| Title |
Adaptation to environmental change:an evolutionary perspective |
Type |
Book Chapter |
| Year |
1991 |
Publication |
Primate responses to environmental changes |
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39-56 |
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Chapmann & Hall |
Place of Publication |
London |
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H. O. Box |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6523 |
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