| Records |
| Author |
Gruber, T.; Clay, Z.; Zuberbühler, K. |
| Title |
A comparison of bonobo and chimpanzee tool use: evidence for a female bias in the Pan lineage |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2010 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
80 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
1023-1033 |
| Keywords |
culture; great ape; neoteny; Pan; primate evolution; sex difference; tool use |
| Abstract |
Chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes, are the most sophisticated tool-users among all nonhuman primates. From an evolutionary perspective, it is therefore puzzling that the tool use behaviour of their closest living primate relative, the bonobo, Pan paniscus, has been described as particularly poor. However, only a small number of bonobo groups have been studied in the wild and only over comparably short periods. Here, we show that captive bonobos and chimpanzees are equally diverse tool-users in most contexts. Our observations illustrate that tool use in bonobos can be highly complex and no different from what has been described for chimpanzees. The only major difference in the chimpanzee and bonobo data was that bonobos of all age–sex classes used tools in a play context, a possible manifestation of their neotenous nature. We also found that female bonobos displayed a larger range of tool use behaviours than males, a pattern previously described for chimpanzees but not for other great apes. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that the female-biased tool use evolved prior to the split between bonobos and chimpanzees. |
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0003-3472 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5856 |
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| Author |
Amici, F.; Widdig, A.; Lehmann, J.; Majolo, B. |
| Title |
A meta-analysis of interindividual differences in innovation |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2019 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
155 |
Issue |
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Pages |
257-268 |
| Keywords |
age; bad competitor hypothesis; excess of energy hypothesis; innovation; interindividual differences; intraspecific variation; personality; rank; sex |
| Abstract |
The ability to innovate and the social transmission of innovations have played a central role in human evolution. However, innovation is also crucial for other animals, by allowing them to cope with novel socioecological challenges. Although innovation plays such a central role in animals' lives, we still do not know the conditions required for innovative behaviour to emerge. Here, we focused on interindividual differences in innovation by (1) extensively reviewing existing literature on innovative behaviour in animals and (2) quantitatively testing the different evolutionary hypotheses that have been proposed to explain interindividual variation in innovation propensity during foraging tasks. We ran a series of phylogenetically controlled mixed-effects meta-regression models to determine which hypotheses (if any) are supported by currently available empirical studies. Our analyses show that innovation is more common in individuals that are older and belong to the larger sex, but also in more neophilic and/or explorative individuals. Moreover, these effects change depending on the study setting (i.e. wild versus captive). Our results provide no clear support to the excess of energy or the bad competitor hypotheses and suggest that study setting and interindividual differences in traits related to personality are also important predictors of innovation. |
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0003-3472 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
6589 |
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| Author |
Weeks, J.W.; Crowell-Davis, S.L.; Caudle, A.B.; Heusner, G.L. |
| Title |
Aggression and social spacing in light horse (Equus caballus) mares and foals |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2000 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume |
68 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
319-337 |
| Keywords |
Dominance relationships; Horse; Sex differences; Social ontogeny; aggregation; parent-offspring interaction; social behavior |
| Abstract |
Aggression and social spacing were studied in 14 light horse mares and their foals living at pasture. Focal samples were collected on each mare-foal dyad for 6 to 10.5 h from 2 months of foal age until weaning at approximately 4 months of age. Observations on foals continued until approximately 6 months of age for 7.5 to 10.5 h per foal. Every 2 min the identities of all individuals within 5 m were recorded. All occurrences of agonistic behavior, and the participants, were recorded during the focal samples. In addition, during feeding of supplemental grain, all occurrences of agonistic behavior by all subjects were recorded. Significant correlations were found between mare rank and the rank of foals both prior to and after weaning. Before weaning, the rank of the foal was significantly correlated with birth order. No significant correlation between birth order and foal rank was found for the post-weaning hierarchy. An animal's gender had no significant effect on foal rank or the choice of preferred associate. Both prior to and after weaning, foals associated preferentially with the foal of their dam's most preferred associate. In addition, significant positive correlations were found between rank of mares and foals and the rate at which they directed aggression to other herd members. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. |
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Cited By (since 1996): 7; Export Date: 21 April 2007; Source: Scopus |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
788 |
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| Author |
Mori, U. |
| Title |
Ecological and sociological studies of gelada baboons. Inter-unit relationships |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1979 |
Publication |
Contributions to Primatology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Contrib Primatol |
| Volume |
16 |
Issue |
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Pages |
83-92 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Female; *Haplorhini; Leadership; Sex Factors; *Social Behavior; Social Distance; *Theropithecus |
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English |
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0301-4231 |
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| Notes |
PMID:101344 |
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no |
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Serial |
2047 |
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| Author |
Feist, J.D.; McCullough, D.R. |
| Title |
Reproduction in feral horses |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1975 |
Publication |
Journal of Reproduction and Fertility. Supplement |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Reprod Fertil Suppl |
| Volume |
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Issue |
23 |
Pages |
13-18 |
| Keywords |
Age Factors; Animals; Female; Horses/*physiology; Leadership; Male; Maternal Behavior; Population; Reproduction; *Sexual Behavior, Animal; Social Dominance; Sucking Behavior |
| Abstract |
A behavioural study of feral horses was conducted on the Pryor Mountain Wild Horse Range in the western United States. All 270 horses on the Range were identified individually. The sex ratio was nearly balanced. Foal to adult female ratio was 43-2:100. Morality was concentrated among foals and old horses. Horses were organized as forty-four harem groups each with a dominant stallion, one to two immature stallions, one to three immature mares, one to three adult mares and their yearling and foal offspring, and 23 bachelor groups of one to eight stallions. Harem groups were quite stable year-round because of dominance and leadership by the stallions and group fidelity by mares and their offsring. Most changes occurred during the breeding season and involved immature females. Defeat of dominant stallions was infrequent. Immature males were tolerated because of their submissive behaviour. Bachelor stallion groups were inherently unstable. Mares came into heat after foaling in May/June, and were mated by harem stallions only. |
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English |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0449-3087 |
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| Notes |
PMID:1060766 |
Approved |
no |
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refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
1964 |
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| Author |
Lilienfeld, S.O.; Gershon, J.; Duke, M.; Marino, L.; de Waal, F.B. |
| Title |
A preliminary investigation of the construct of psychopathic personality (psychopathy) in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1999 |
Publication |
Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983) |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Comp Psychol |
| Volume |
113 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
365-375 |
| Keywords |
Age Factors; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Antisocial Personality Disorder/*diagnosis/psychology; Ethology/*methods; Female; Male; Observer Variation; Pan troglodytes/*psychology; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales/*standards; Reproducibility of Results; Sex Characteristics; *Social Behavior |
| Abstract |
Although the construct of psychopathy has received considerable attention in humans, its relevance to other animals is largely unknown. We developed a measure of psychopathy for use in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), the Chimpanzee Psychopathy Measure (CPM), and asked 6 raters to complete this index on 34 chimpanzees. The CPM (a) demonstrated satisfactory interrater reliability and internal consistency; (b) exhibited marginally significant sex differences (males > females); (c) correlated positively with measures of extraversion, agreeableness, and observational ratings of agonism, sexual activity, daring behaviors, teasing, silent bluff displays, and temper tantrums, and negatively with observational ratings of generosity; and (d) demonstrated incremental validity above and beyond a measure of dominance. Although further validation of the CPM is needed, these findings suggest that the psychopathy construct may be relevant to chimpanzees. |
| Address |
Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA. scott@ss.emory.edu |
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English |
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0735-7036 |
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| Notes |
PMID:10608560 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
193 |
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| Author |
Klingel, H. |
| Title |
Social organization and reproduction in equids |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1975 |
Publication |
Journal of Reproduction and Fertility. Supplement |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Reprod Fertil Suppl |
| Volume |
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Issue |
23 |
Pages |
7-11 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal; Female; Male; Perissodactyla/*physiology; Reproduction; *Sexual Behavior, Animal; Social Behavior; Territoriality |
| Abstract |
There are two distinct types of social organization and, accordingly, two types of mating systems in equids. In the horse, Plains zebra and Mountain zebra, the adults live in non-territorial and cohesive one-male groups and in stallion groups. The family stallions have exclusive mating rights which are respected by all others. In Grevy's zebra and in the African and Asiatic wild asses, the stallions are permanently territorial and have exclusive mating rights within their territories. Ecological and evolutionary aspects are discussed. |
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0449-3087 |
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| Notes |
PMID:1060868 |
Approved |
no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2303 |
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| Author |
de Waal, F.B. |
| Title |
The end of nature versus nurture |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1999 |
Publication |
Scientific American |
Abbreviated Journal |
Sci Am |
| Volume |
281 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
94-99 |
| Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior; Behavior, Animal; Ecology; *Environment; Ethology; Evolution; Female; *Genetics; Humans; Instinct; Learning; Male; Sex Characteristics; Twin Studies |
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| Address |
Living Links Center, Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, Atlanta, USA |
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English |
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0036-8733 |
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PMID:10614071 |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
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192 |
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| Author |
Healy, S.D.; Braham, S.R.; Braithwaite, V.A. |
| Title |
Spatial working memory in rats: no differences between the sexes |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1999 |
Publication |
Proceedings. Biological Sciences / The Royal Society |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc Biol Sci |
| Volume |
266 |
Issue |
1435 |
Pages |
2303-2308 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Estrus/metabolism; Female; Male; Memory/*physiology; Rats; Sex Factors; Swimming |
| Abstract |
In a number of mammalian species, males appear to have superior spatial abilities to females. The favoured explanations for this cognitive difference are hormonal, with higher testosterone levels in males than females leading to better spatial performance, and evolutionary, where sexual selection has favoured males with increased spatial abilities for either better navigational skills in hunting or to enable an increased territory size. However, an alternative explanation for this sex difference focuses on the role of varying levels of oestrogen in females in spatial cognition (the 'fertility and parental care' hypothesis). One possibility is that varying oestrogen levels result in variation in spatial learning and memory so that, when tested across the oestrous cycle, females perform as well as males on days of low oestrogen but more poorly on days of high oestrogen. If day in the oestrous cycle is not taken into account then, across an experiment, any sex differences found would always produce male superiority. We used a spatial working memory task in a Morris water maze to test the spatial learning and memory abilities of male and female rats. The rats were tested across a number of consecutive days during which the females went through four oestrous cycles. We found no overall sex differences in latencies to reach a submerged platform in a Morris water maze but, on the day of oestrus (low oestrogen), females took an extra swim to learn the platform's location (a 100% increase over the other days in the cycle). Female swim speed also varied across the oestrous cycle but females were no less active on the day of oestrus. These results oppose the predictions of the fertility and parental care hypothesis. |
| Address |
Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, UK. s.healey@ed.ac.uk |
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English |
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0962-8452 |
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| Notes |
PMID:10629980 |
Approved |
no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2818 |
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| Author |
Parish, A.R.; De Waal, F.B. |
| Title |
The other “closest living relative”. How bonobos (Pan paniscus) challenge traditional assumptions about females, dominance, intra- and intersexual interactions, and hominid evolution |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2000 |
Publication |
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
Ann N Y Acad Sci |
| Volume |
907 |
Issue |
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Pages |
97-113 |
| Keywords |
Animals; *Evolution; Female; Hominidae/*physiology; Humans; *Interpersonal Relations; Male; Pan paniscus/*physiology; Sexual Behavior, Animal/*physiology |
| Abstract |
Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) societies are typically characterized as physically aggressive, male-bonded and male-dominated. Their close relatives, the bonobos (Pan paniscus), differ in startling and significant ways. For instance, female bonobos bond with one another, form coalitions, and dominate males. A pattern of reluctance to consider, let alone acknowledge, female dominance in bonobos exists, however. Because both species are equally “man's” closest relative, the bonobo social system complicates models of human evolution that have historically been based upon referents that are male and chimpanzee-like. The bonobo evidence suggests that models of human evolution must be reformulated such that they also accommodate: real and meaningful female bonds; the possibility of systematic female dominance over males; female mating strategies which encompass extra-group paternities; hunting and meat distribution by females; the importance of the sharing of plant foods; affinitive inter-community interactions; males that do not stalk and attack and are not territorial; and flexible social relationships in which philopatry does not necessarily predict bonding pattern. |
| Address |
Department of Anthropology, University College London, England |
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English |
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0077-8923 |
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| Notes |
PMID:10818623 |
Approved |
no |
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refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
189 |
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