Equine and Animal Cognition Reference Database -- Query Results

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Author	Tebbich, S.; Bshary, R.; Grutter, A.S.
Title	Cleaner fish Labroides dimidiatus recognise familiar clients			Type	Journal Article
Year	2002	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
Volume	5	Issue	3	Pages	139-145
Keywords	Adaptation, Physiological; Animals; Evolution; Fishes; Motivation; *Recognition (Psychology); Social Behavior; Visual Perception
Abstract	Individual recognition has been attributed a crucial role in the evolution of complex social systems such as helping behaviour and cooperation. A classical example for interspecific cooperation is the mutualism between the cleaner fish Labroides dimidiatus and its client reef fish species. For stable cooperation to evolve, it is generally assumed that partners interact repeatedly and remember each other's past behaviour. Repeated interactions may be achieved by site fidelity or individual recognition. However, as some cleaner fish have more than 2,300 interactions per day with various individuals per species and various species of clients, basic assumptions of cooperation theory might be violated in this mutualism. We tested the cleaner L. dimidiatus and its herbivorous client, the surgeon fish Ctenochaetus striatus, for their ability to distinguish between a familiar and an unfamiliar partner in a choice experiment. Under natural conditions, cleaners and clients have to build up their relationship, which is probably costly for both. We therefore predicted that both clients and cleaners should prefer the familiar partner in our choice experiment. We found that cleaners spent significantly more time near the familiar than the unfamiliar clients in the first 2 minutes of the experiment. This indicates the ability for individual recognition in cleaners. In contrast, the client C. striatus showed no significant preference. This could be due to a sampling artefact, possibly due to a lack of sufficient motivation. Alternatively, clients may not need to recognise their cleaners but instead remember the defined territories of L. dimidiatus to achieve repeated interactions with the same individual.
Address	Max Planck Institute for Behaviour and Physiology, 82319 Seewiesen, Germany. tebbich@ss20.mpi-seewiesen.mpg.de
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:12357286			Approved	no
Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2599
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Author	Hostetter, A.B.; Cantero, M.; Hopkins, W.D.
Title	*Differential use of vocal and gestural communication by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in response to the attentional status of a human (Homo sapiens)*			Type	Journal Article
Year	2001	Publication	Journal of Comparative Psychology	Abbreviated Journal	J. Comp. Psychol.
Volume	115	Issue	4	Pages	337-343
Keywords	Animals; Attention; Communication Methods, Total; Female; Gestures; Humans; Male; Motivation; Pan troglodytes/psychology; Social Environment; Species Specificity; *Vocalization, Animal
Abstract	This study examined the communicative behavior of 49 captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), particularly their use of vocalizations, manual gestures, and other auditory- or tactile-based behaviors as a means of gaining an inattentive audience's attention. A human (Homo sapiens) experimenter held a banana while oriented either toward or away from the chimpanzee. The chimpanzees' behavior was recorded for 60 s. Chimpanzees emitted vocalizations faster and were more likely to produce vocalizations as their 1st communicative behavior when a human was oriented away from them. Chimpanzees used manual gestures more frequently and faster when the human was oriented toward them. These results replicate the findings of earlier studies on chimpanzee gestural communication and provide new information about the intentional and functional use of their vocalizations.
Address	Department of Psychology, Berry College, USA
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0735-7036	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:11824896			Approved	yes
Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4970
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Author	Dorrance, B.R.; Zentall, T.R.
Title	Imitative learning in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) depends on the motivational state of the observer quail at the time of observation			Type	Journal Article
Year	2001	Publication	Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)	Abbreviated Journal	J Comp Psychol
Volume	115	Issue	1	Pages	62-67
Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Coturnix; Female; Imitative Behavior; Learning; Male; *Motivation; Reinforcement (Psychology); Time Factors
Abstract	The 2-action method was used to examine whether imitative learning in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) depends on the motivational state of the observer quail at the time of observation of the demonstrated behavior. Two groups of observers were fed before observation (satiated groups), whereas 2 other groups of observers were deprived of food before observation (hungry groups). Quail were tested either immediately following observation or after a 30-min delay. Results indicated that quail in the hungry groups imitated, whereas those in the satiated groups did not, regardless of whether their test was immediate or delayed. The results suggest that observer quail may not learn (through observation) behavior that leads to a reinforcer for which they are unmotivated at the time of test. In addition, the results show that quail are able to delay the performance of a response acquired through observation (i.e., they show deferred imitation).
Address	Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506-0044, USA
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0735-7036	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:11334220			Approved	no
Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	245
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Author	Rendall, D.; Cheney, D.L.; Seyfarth, R.M.
Title	Proximate factors mediating “contact” calls in adult female baboons (Papio cynocephalus ursinus) and their infants			Type	Journal Article
Year	2000	Publication	Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)	Abbreviated Journal	J Comp Psychol
Volume	114	Issue	1	Pages	36-46
Keywords	Animals; Animals, Wild; Botswana; Female; Maternal Behavior; Motivation; Orientation; Papio/psychology; Social Environment; Sound Spectrography; *Vocalization, Animal
Abstract	“Contact” calls are widespread in social mammals and birds, but the proximate factors that motivate call production and mediate their contact function remain poorly specified. Field study of chacma baboons (Papio cynocephalus ursinus) revealed that contact barks in adult females were motivated by separation both from the group at large and from their dependent infants. A variety of social and ecological factors affect the probability of separation from either one or both. Results of simultaneous observations and a playback experiment indicate that the contact function of calling between mothers and infants was mediated by occasional maternal retrieval rather than coordinated call exchange. Mothers recognized the contact barks of their own infants and often were strongly motivated to locate them. However, mothers did not produce contact barks in reply unless they themselves were at risk of becoming separated from the group.
Address	Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, USA. d.rendall@uleth.ca
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0735-7036	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:10739310			Approved	no
Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	695
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Author	Lonon, A.M.; Zentall, T.R.
Title	Transfer of value from S+ to S- in simultaneous discriminations in humans			Type	Journal Article
Year	1999	Publication	The American journal of psychology	Abbreviated Journal	Am J Psychol
Volume	112	Issue	1	Pages	21-39
Keywords	Adolescent; Adult; Animals; Color Perception; Columbidae; Conditioning, Classical; Discrimination Learning; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Motivation; Orientation; Pattern Recognition, Visual; Psychomotor Performance; Reaction Time; *Transfer (Psychology)
Abstract	When animals learn a simultaneous discrimination, some of the value of the positive stimulus (S+) appears to transfer to the negative stimulus (S-). The present experiments demonstrate that such value transfer can also be found in humans. In Experiment 1 humans were trained on 2 simple simultaneous discriminations, the first between a highly positive stimulus, A (1,000 points); and a negative stimulus, B (0 points); and the second between a less positive stimulus, C (100 points); and a negative stimulus, D (0 points). On test trials, most participants preferred B over D. In Experiments 2 and 3 the value of the 2 original discriminations was equated in training (A[100]B[0] and C[100]D[0]). In Experiment 2 the values of the positive stimuli were then altered (A[1,000]C[0]); again, most participants preferred B over D. In Experiment 3, however, when the values of B and D were altered (B[1,000]D[0]), participants were indifferent to A and C. Thus, the mechanism that underlies value transfer in humans appears to be related to Pavlovian second-order conditioning. Similar mechanisms may be involved in assimilation processes in social contexts.
Address	University of Kentucky, USA
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0002-9556	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:10696277			Approved	no
Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	249
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Author	Fischhoff, I.R.; Sundaresan, S.R.; Cordingley, J.; Larkin, H.M.; Sellier, M.-J.; Rubenstein, D.I.
Title	Social relationships and reproductive state influence leadership roles in movements of plains zebra, Equus burchellii			Type	Journal Article
Year	2007	Publication	Animal Behaviour.	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Behav.
Volume	73	Issue	5	Pages	825-831
Keywords	collective movements; drinking; equid; Equus burchellii; foraging; group dynamics; motivation; plains zebra; reproductive status; social relationships
Abstract	In animal groups, collective movements emerge from individual interactions. Biologists seek to identify how characteristics of actors in these groups, and their relationships, influence the decision-making process. We distinguished two basic factors determining leadership in group choices: identity and state. We hypothesized that identity is more important to leadership in groups with stable relationships, which permit the development of habitual roles. In groups with fluid membership, particular individuals or subgroups are less likely to emerge as consistent leaders. Instead, we predicted that movement initiation in unstable groups depends on individual state at the time of the decision. We characterized how identity and reproductive state influenced leadership patterns in the movements of plains zebra. As in many other mammals, lactation in this species significantly alters water and energy needs. We investigated leadership in tightly knit harems and loosely bonded herds of multiple harems. Harem females tended to have habitual roles in the initiation of harem movement. In herds, however, we found no consistent leaders among harems. At both levels of social organization, lactation was a key determinant of leadership. In harems, lactating females were more likely to initiate movement than nonlactating females. In turn, harems containing lactating females were more likely to lead herd movements. Thus, we conclude that social relationships and reproductive state together shape the interactions that produce group behaviours. One benefit to lactating females of leading herd movements is preferential access to scarce water. Thus, leadership roles in group decisions may have fitness consequences.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN		ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @ room B 3.092			Serial	1825
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Author	Petherick, J.C.; Seawright, E.; Waddington, D.
Title	Influence of motivational state on choice of food or a dustbathing/foraging substrate by domestic hens			Type	Journal Article
Year	1993	Publication	Behavioural Processes	Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Process.
Volume	28	Issue	3	Pages	209-220
Keywords	Food; Learning; Litter; Motivation; Poultry; Preference
Abstract	Domestic hens were trained to run a Y-maze and make an association between differently coloured doorways and access to food pellets or sand. The hens were tested for their choice of doorway when the goals were not visible from the choice point and when they were food or sand deprived. Hens made the choice appropriate to their deprivation state (correct choice) significantly more often for food than sand and were faster at choosing and entering the goal box when food deprived. In a follow up experiment, the goals were visible from the choice point. Again the hens chose correctly significantly more often when food than sand deprived and made the choice and entered the goal box faster when food deprived. Thus, failure to choose sand in the first experiment was not due to an inability to learn the association, but appears to result from a strong motivation to feed in the Y-maze, even when not food deprived, and a weak motivation to dustbathe or forage, even when sand deprived.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN		ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3608
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Author	Lingle, S.; Rendall, D.; Wilson, W.F.; DeYoung, R.W.; Pellis, S.M.
Title	Altruism and recognition in the antipredator defence of deer: 2. Why mule deer help nonoffspring fawns			Type	Journal Article
Year	2007	Publication	Animal Behaviour.	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Behav.
Volume	73	Issue	5	Pages	907-916
Keywords	aggressive defence; altruism; behavioural discrimination; cooperation; motivational constraint; mule deer; Odocoileus hemionus; Odocoileus virginianus; recognition error; white-tailed deer
Abstract	Both white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus, and mule deer, O. hemionus, females defend fawns against coyotes, Canis latrans, but only mule deer defend nonoffspring conspecific and heterospecific fawns. During a predator attack, females may have to decide whether to defend a fawn while having imperfect information on its identity obtained from hearing a few distress calls. Although imperfect recognition can influence altruistic behaviour, few empirical studies have considered this point when testing functional explanations for altruism. We designed a series of playback experiments with fawn distress calls to test alternative hypotheses (by-product of parental care, kin selection, reciprocal altruism) for the mule deer's defence of nonoffspring, specifically allowing for the possibility that females mistake these fawns for their own. White-tailed deer females approached the speaker only when distress calls of white-tailed deer fawns were played and when their own fawn was hidden, suggesting that fawn defence was strictly a matter of parental care in this species. In contrast, mule deer females responded similarly and strongly, regardless of the caller's identity, the female's reproductive state (mother or nonmother) or the presence of their own offspring. The failure of mule deer females to adjust their responses to these conditions suggests that they do not defend nonoffspring because they mistake them for their own fawns. The lack of behavioural discrimination also suggests that kin selection, reciprocal altruism and defence of the offspring's area are unlikely to explain the mule deer's defence of nonoffspring. We identify causal and functional questions that still need to be addressed to understand why mule deer defend fawns so indiscriminately.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN		ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4211
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Author	Søndergaard, E.; Jensen, M.B.; Nicol, C.J.
Title	Motivation for social contact in horses measured by operant conditioning			Type	Journal Article
Year		Publication	Applied Animal Behaviour Science	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
Volume	In Press, Corrected Proof	Issue		Pages
Keywords	Horse; Housing; Social behaviour; Operant conditioning; Motivation
Abstract	Although horses are social animals they are often housed individually with limited social contact to other horses and this may compromise their welfare. The present study included eight young female horses and investigated the strength of motivation for access to full social contact, head contact and muzzle contact, respectively, to a familiar companion horse. Horses were housed individually next to their companion horse and separations between pens prevented physical contact. During daily test sessions horses were brought to a test area where they could access an arena allowing social contact. Arena access during 3 min was given after completion of a predetermined number of responses on a panel. Fixed ratios (FR) of 8, 16, 24, 32 and 40 responses per arena access were applied in a random order, one per daily test session, within each test week (Monday to Friday), and the number of rewards per daily test session was recorded. All horses could access all three types of social contact in a cross-over design, and an empty arena was used as control. Motivational strength was assessed using elasticity of demand functions, which were estimated based on the number of rewards earned and FR. Elasticities of demand for the three types of social contact were low (-0.20), and not significantly different, although increasing FR still resulted in a decrease in rewards obtained for all three types of social contact (P < 0.001). Across FR-levels horses earned more rewards for social contact than for an empty arena, as shown by much higher intercept values (2.51 vs. 0.99; P < 0.001). However, the elasticity of demand for infrequent access to an empty arena (-0.08) was lower than for social contact (P < 0.01) and not significantly different from zero (P = 0.07). Horses performed more social behaviour the lesser the restriction on social contact (full > head > muzzle). However, the finding that horses showed a similar and high motivation for all three types of social contact suggests that they are valued equally highly in a situation where the alternative is no social contact.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0168-1591	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5388
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Author	Søndergaard, E.; Jensen, M.B.; Nicol, C.J.
Title	Motivation for social contact in horses measured by operant conditioning			Type	Journal Article
Year	2011	Publication	Applied Animal Behaviour Science	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
Volume	132	Issue	3-4	Pages	131-137
Keywords	Horse; Housing; Social behaviour; Operant conditioning; Motivation
Abstract	Although horses are social animals they are often housed individually with limited social contact to other horses and this may compromise their welfare. The present study included eight young female horses and investigated the strength of motivation for access to full social contact, head contact and muzzle contact, respectively, to a familiar companion horse. Horses were housed individually next to their companion horse and separations between pens prevented physical contact. During daily test sessions horses were brought to a test area where they could access an arena allowing social contact. Arena access during 3 min was given after completion of a predetermined number of responses on a panel. Fixed ratios (FR) of 8, 16, 24, 32 and 40 responses per arena access were applied in a random order, one per daily test session, within each test week (Monday to Friday), and the number of rewards per daily test session was recorded. All horses could access all three types of social contact in a cross-over design, and an empty arena was used as control. Motivational strength was assessed using elasticity of demand functions, which were estimated based on the number of rewards earned and FR. Elasticities of demand for the three types of social contact were low (-0.20), and not significantly different, although increasing FR still resulted in a decrease in rewards obtained for all three types of social contact (P < 0.001). Across FR-levels horses earned more rewards for social contact than for an empty arena, as shown by much higher intercept values (2.51 vs. 0.99; P < 0.001). However, the elasticity of demand for infrequent access to an empty arena (-0.08) was lower than for social contact (P < 0.01) and not significantly different from zero (P = 0.07). Horses performed more social behaviour the lesser the restriction on social contact (full > head > muzzle). However, the finding that horses showed a similar and high motivation for all three types of social contact suggests that they are valued equally highly in a situation where the alternative is no social contact.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0168-1591	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5410
Permanent link to this record