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Author |
Kirkwood, J.K.; Hubrecht, R. |
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Title |
Animal Consciousness, Cognition and Welfare |
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2001 |
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Animal Welfare |
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10 |
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5-17 |
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3488 |
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Author |
Dawkins, M.S. |
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Title |
Who Needs Consciousness? |
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2001 |
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Animal Welfare |
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10 |
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19-29 |
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3489 |
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Author |
Taylor, J.G. |
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Title |
What do Neuronal Network Models of the Mind Indicate about Animal Consciousness? |
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Year |
2001 |
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Animal Welfare |
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10 |
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63-75 |
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3490 |
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Author |
Wemelsfelder, F. |
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Title |
The Inside and Outside Aspects of Consciousness: Complementary Approaches to the Study of Animal Emotion |
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Year |
2001 |
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Animal Welfare |
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10 |
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129-139 |
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3492 |
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Author |
Lea, S.E.G. |
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Title |
Anticipation and Memory as Criteria for Special Welfare Consideration |
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Year |
2001 |
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Animal Welfare |
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10 |
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195-208 |
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3493 |
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Author |
Held, S.; Mendl, M.; Devereux, C.; Byrne, R.W. |
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Title |
Studies in Social Cognition: From Primates to Pigs |
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2001 |
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Animal Welfare |
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10 |
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209-217 |
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3494 |
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Author |
Kurtzman H.S.; Church R.M.; Crystal J.D. |
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Title |
Data archiving for animal cognition research: Report of an NIMH workshop |
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Year |
2002 |
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Animal Learning & Behavior |
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30 |
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405-412 |
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3504 |
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Author |
Mendl, M.; Paul, E.S. |
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Title |
Consciousness, emotion and animal welfare: insights from cognitive science |
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Year |
2004 |
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Animal Welfare |
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13 |
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17-25 |
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3512 |
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Author |
Hodson, E.F.; Clayton, H.M.; Lanovaz, J.L. |
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Title |
Temporal analysis of walk movements in the Grand Prix dressage test at the 1996 Olympic Games |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1999 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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Volume |
62 |
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2-3 |
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89-97 |
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Dressage; Horse; Kinematics; Locomotion; Gait |
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Abstract |
Video analysis was used to measure temporal characteristics of the collected walk, extended walk and half pirouette at walk of eleven competitors during the team dressage competition at the 1996 Summer Olympic Games in Atlanta, GA. Forelimb stance durations, hind limb stance durations, lateral step intervals and diagonal step intervals were symmetrical for the right and left sides in the collected and extended walk strides, but there were left-right asymmetries in the forelimb stance duration and in the lateral step interval in the half pirouette strides. For both collected and extended walk strides, hind limb stance duration was significantly longer than forelimb stance duration. The mean values for the group of eleven horses showed that the collected and extended walks had a regular rhythm. The half pirouette strides showed an irregularity in which there was a short interval between footfalls of the outside forelimb and inside hind limb, and along interval between footfalls of the inside hind limb and inside forelimb. This irregularity reflected an early placement of the inside hind limb. The stance times of both hind limbs were prolonged and this finding, in combination with the early placement of the inside hind limb, led to an increase in the period of tripedal support in each stride of the half pirouette. This was interpreted as a means of maintaining the horses' balance in the absence of forward movement. |
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3960 |
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Falewee, C.; Gaultier, E.; Lafont, C.; Bougrat, L.; Pageat, P. |
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Title |
Effect of a synthetic equine maternal pheromone during a controlled fear-eliciting situation |
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2006 |
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Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
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Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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101 |
Issue |
1-2 |
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144-153 |
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Horses; Behaviour; Fear; Pheromone; Heart rate; Performance |
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Abstract |
Horses are known to show fear reactions when confronted with novelty and this can be a considerable hindrance in the context of working situations such as riding, dressage or racing. The aim of the present study was to measure the potential effects of a synthetic analogue of the Equine Appeasing Pheromone on saddled horses when subjected to a stressful situation using a double-blinded, placebo controlled study design. A group of 40 horses was analyzed during this study and horses were divided by sex, breed and reactivity into two homogenized groups. The test, which consisted of walking the horse through a fringed curtain, was selected from a range of tests which are used to assess behaviour for the selection of French breeding stock. Horses that could have been subjected to the test on a previous occasion, and therefore be familiar with it, were not included. Behavioural and physiological parameters were both taken into account with measures of time to go through the curtain, fear related typical behavioural patterns, based on available literature detailed in the bibliography, and heart rate being recorded. Parameters were analyzed by means of Mann-Whitney U-test. Significant differences were noticed between the two groups concerning heart rate data during the test (UMeanHR = 100.5, pMeanHR = 0.02; UMaxHR = 75, pMaxHR = 0.001) and during the whole measured period (UMeanHR = 67, pMeanHR = 0.005; UMaxHR = 58, pMaxHR = 0.002). Observation of the animals also revealed less behavioural items characteristic of fear within the treated group. As a result, horses performed the test with a better time performance when they received the pheromone analogue (U = 62, p = 0.002). The main parameter, area under the HR graph, is based on heart rate measure and performance. Differences noticed (U = 74, p = 0.002) for this parameter lead to the conclusion that horses who received EAP underwent less stress related consequences in terms of their cardiac physiology. As horses are subjected to a number of foreseeable stressful events this study suggests that the use of Equine Appeasing Pheromone could be a significant factor in improving the welfare of this species. |
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3992 |
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