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Author Kanazawa, S.
Title Social sciences are branches of biology Type Journal Article
Year 2004 Publication Socioecon. Rev. Abbreviated Journal
Volume 2 Issue 3 Pages 371-390
Keywords
Abstract Since biology is the study of living organisms, their behaviour and social systems, and since humans are living organisms, it is possible to suggest that social sciences (the study of human behaviour and social systems) are branches of biology and all social scientific theories should be consistent with known biological principles. To claim otherwise and to establish a separate science only for humans might be analogous to the establishment of hydrogenology, the study of hydrogen separate from and inconsistent with the rest of physics. Evolutionary psychology is the application of evolutionary biology to humans, and provides the most general (panspecific) explanations of human behaviour, cognitions, emotions and human social systems. Evolutionary psychology's recognition that humans are animals can explain some otherwise perplexing empirical puzzles in social sciences, such as why there is a wage penalty for motherhood but a wage reward for fatherhood, and why boys produce a greater wage reward for fathers than do girls. The General Social Survey data illustrate the evolutionary psychological argument that reproductive success is important for both men's and women's happiness, but money is only important for men's.
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Notes (down) 10.1093/soceco/2.3.371 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2969
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Author Thompson, R.N.; Robertson, B.K.; Napier, A.; Wekesa, K.S.
Title Sex-specific Responses to Urinary Chemicals by the Mouse Vomeronasal Organ Type Journal Article
Year 2004 Publication Chem. Senses Abbreviated Journal
Volume 29 Issue 9 Pages 749-754
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Abstract Social behaviors of most mammals are affected by chemical signals, pheromones, exchanged between conspecifics. Previous experiments have shown that behavioral responses to the same pheromone differ depending on the sex and endocrine status of the respondent. Although the exact mechanism of this dimorphism is not known, one possible contributor may be due to sexually dimorphic receptors or due to differences in central processing within the brain. In order to investigate the differences in response between male and female mice to the same pheromonal stimulus two urinary compounds (2-heptanone and 2,5-dimethylpyrazine) were used to stimulate the production of Inositol (1,4,5)-trisphosphate (IP3) in microvillar membrane preparations of the vomeronasal organ as an indirect measurement of pheromonal stimulation. Incubation of such membranes from prepubertal mice with urine from the same sex or opposite sex, results in an increase in production of IP3. This stimulation is mimicked by GTP{gamma}S and blocked by GDP{beta}S. Furthermore we found that 2-heptanone present in both male and female urine was capable of stimulating increased production of IP3 in the female VNO but not the male VNO. Finally, 2,5-dimethylpyrazine present only in female urine was also only capable of stimulating increased production of IP3 in the female VNO.
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Notes (down) 10.1093/chemse/bjh076 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4428
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Author Naguib, M.; Amrhein, V.; Kunc, H.P.
Title Effects of territorial intrusions on eavesdropping neighbors: communication networks in nightingales Type Journal Article
Year 2004 Publication Behavioral Ecology Abbreviated Journal Behav. Ecol.
Volume 15 Issue 6 Pages 1011-1015
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Abstract Animal communication often occurs in communication networks in which multiple signalers and receivers are within signaling range of each other. In such networks, individuals can obtain information on the quality and motivation of territorial neighbors by eavesdropping on their signaling interactions. In songbirds, extracting information from interactions involving neighbors is thought to be an important factor in the evolution of strategies of territory defense. In a playback experiment with radio-tagged nightingales Luscinia megarhynchos we here demonstrate that territorial males use their familiar neighbors' performance in a vocal interaction with an unfamiliar intruder as a standard for their own response. Males were attracted by a vocal interaction between their neighbor and a simulated stranger and intruded into the neighbor's territory. The more intensely the neighbor had interacted with playback, the earlier the intrusions were made, indicating that males eavesdropped on the vocal contest involving a neighbor. However, males never intruded when we had simulated by a second playback that the intruder had retreated and sang outside the neighbor's territory. These results suggest that territorial males use their neighbors' singing behavior as an early warning system when territorial integrity is threatened. Simultaneous responses by neighboring males towards unfamiliar rivals are likely to be beneficial to the individuals in maintaining territorial integrity.
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Notes (down) 10.1093/beheco/arh108 Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 499
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Author Rietmann, T.R.; Stuart, A.E.A.; Bernasconi, P.; Stauffacher, M.; Auer, J.A.; Weishaupt, M.A.
Title Assessment of mental stress in warmblood horses: heart rate variability in comparison to heart rate and selected behavioural parameters Type Journal Article
Year 2004 Publication Applied Animal Behaviour Science Abbreviated Journal Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
Volume 88 Issue 1-2 Pages 121-136
Keywords Horse; Hrv; Heart rate; Mental stress; Behaviour; Autonomic nervous system
Abstract The aim of the study was to investigate whether heart rate variability (HRV) could assess alterations of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) at different levels of excitement. The behavioural and physiological responses of 20 warmblood horses to a challenging ground exercise task were studied. Prior to the experiment, the horses were evaluated at rest and during forward walking (FW). The horses were then forced to move backwards continuously during 3 min according to a standardised protocol (BW1). Subsequently, the horses were exposed to two training sessions, after which the backward walking (BW2) was re-evaluated. Heart rate (HR) and HRV-parameters such as the standard deviation of the beat-to-beat intervals (SDRR), the low (LF; sympathetic tone) and high frequency (HF) component of HRV (HF; parasympathetic tone) and their ratio (LF/HF; index representing the sympatho-vagal balance) were sampled at rest, and during FW, BW1 and BW2. Stress-related behaviour during BW1 and BW2 was determined from video recordings. The results of the different evaluations were compared to each other. Compared to rest and FW, the first backward experiment induced a significant rise in HR, LF and LF/HF and a significant decrease of HF. SDRR decreased from both FW and rest with only the latter reaching significance. In BW2 after the training sessions, HR and the parameters of the sympathetic branch of the ANS (LF, LF/HF) were decreased and the vagal tone (HF) increased compared to BW1; all changes were significant. The duration of stress indicating behavioural patterns revealed also a significant decrease of excitement after the training, when backward walking did not differ from forward walking in any parameter. Correlations between HRV-parameters and stress indicating behaviour as well as HR were found. We conclude that the HRV-parameters LF and HF are valuable measures to quantify sympatho-vagal balance, which allows a more precise assessment of the responses of HR and SDRR to mental stress during low intensity exercise.
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Notes (down) Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 314
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Author Gardner, A., West, S. A.
Title Cooperation and Punishment, Especially in Humans Type Journal Article
Year 2004 Publication The American Naturalist Abbreviated Journal Americ. Natur.
Volume 164 Issue 6 Pages 753-764
Keywords kin selection, neighbor-modulated fitness, repression of
Abstract Explaining altruistic cooperation is one of the greatest

challenges faced by sociologists, economists, and evolutionary biologists.

The problem is determining why an individual would carry

out a costly behavior that benefits another. Possible solutions to this

problem include kinship, repeated interactions, and policing. Another

solution that has recently received much attention is the threat

of punishment. However, punishing behavior is often costly for the

punisher, and so it is not immediately clear how costly punishment

could evolve. We use a direct (neighbor-modulated) fitness approach

to analyze when punishment is favored. This methodology reveals

that, contrary to previous suggestions, relatedness between interacting

individuals is not crucial to explaining cooperation through punishment.

In fact, increasing relatedness directly disfavors punishing

behavior. Instead, the crucial factor is a positive correlation between

the punishment strategy of an individual and the cooperation it

receives. This could arise in several ways, such as when facultative

adjustment of behavior leads individuals to cooperate more when

interacting with individuals who are more likely to punish. More

generally, our results provide a clear example of how the fundamental

factor driving the evolution of social traits is a correlation between

social partners and how this can arise for reasons other than genealogical

kinship.
Address University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT,
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Notes (down) Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 341
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Author McLean, A.N.
Title Short-term spatial memory in the domestic horse Type Journal Article
Year 2004 Publication Applied Animal Behaviour Science Abbreviated Journal Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
Volume 85 Issue 1-2 Pages 93-105
Keywords Animal cognition; Delayed response; Equine memory; Horse; Object permanence; Temporal cognition
Abstract This study investigates the ability of horses to recall a feeding event in a two-point choice apparatus. Twelve horses were individually tested whereby they were maintained immobile in a test arena and visually and aurally experienced the delivery of food into one of two feed goals. The horses were then released to make their choice in two experimental contexts: immediate release after experiencing the delivery of food, and release 10 s after food delivery. Each horse performed 40 immediate-release (IR) trials, followed by forty 10-s release trials over a 3-day period. In addition, the same horses were tested 3 months later in the spring with the same number and sequence of trials. Results were analysed by log-linear analysis of frequencies. Results showed that while horses were able to achieve the correct feed goal choice in the immediate-release trials, they were unsuccessful with the 10-s release trials. This suggests that there are limitations in recall abilities in horses, in that they may not possess a prospective type of memory. There are welfare and training implications in these findings concerning the effects of overestimating the mental abilities of horses during training and the effects of delays in reinforcements.
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Notes (down) Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 403
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Author Miklósi, Á.; Topál, J.; Csányi, V.
Title Comparative social cognition: what can dogs teach us? Type Journal Article
Year 2004 Publication Animal Behaviour. Abbreviated Journal Anim. Behav.
Volume 67 Issue 6 Pages 995-1004
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Abstract Research in comparative social cognition addresses how challenges of social living have formed the cognitive structures that control behaviours involved in communication, social learning and social understanding. In contrast to the traditional psychological approach, recent investigations take both evolutionary and functional questions into account, but the main emphasis is still on the mechanisms of behaviour. Although in traditional research `comparative' meant mainly comparisons between humans and other primates, ethological influences have led to a broadening of the spectrum of species under study. In this review, we evaluated how the study of dogs broadens our understanding of comparative social cognition. In the early days of ethology, dogs enjoyed considerable interest from ethologists, but during the last 20 years, dogs have rarely been studied by ethological methods. Through a complex evolutionary process, dogs became adapted for living in human society; therefore, the human environment and social setting now represents a natural ecological niche for this species. We have evidence that dogs have been selected for adaptations to human social life, and that these adaptations have led to marked changes in their communicative, social, cooperative and attachment behaviours towards humans. Until now, the study of dogs was hindered by the view that they represent an `artificial' species, but by accepting that dogs are adapted to their niche, as are other `natural' species, comparative investigations can be put into new light.
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Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 406
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Author Huebener, E.
Title Die Bewegungen von Pferderumpf und -rücken aus der Sicht des Reiters Type Journal Article
Year 2004 Publication Tierärztliche Umschau Abbreviated Journal Tierärztl. Umschau
Volume 6 Issue Pages 327-334
Keywords Schritt – Trab – Galopp – Schmerz – Schäden
Abstract Die Bewegungen von Rumpf und Rücken des Pferdes in der Fortbewegung bestimmen Sitz und Schenkelhilfen – Grundlagen pferdgerechten und kultivierten, feinfühligen Reitens. In ihrer Tendenz ließen sich diese Bewegungen jetzt aus den Fußfolgen der Grundgangarten ableiten. Die Erkenntnisse sind per Video verifiziert. Mit ihrer Übersetzung in Diagramme wurde versucht, den gegenwärtigen Wissensstand für nicht-reitende Wissenschaftler und denkende Reiter gleichermaßen verständlich darzustellen. Die Akzeptanz des aufbereiteten Wissens in der Reiterei würde verbessert, wenn man zu gemessenen Werten für die Bewegungen des Pferderückens und des Pferderumpfes käme. Plädoyer eines “Nur-Reiters” für einschlägige, universitäre Forschung.
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Language German Summary Language Original Title
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Notes (down) Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 420
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Author Huebener, E.
Title Movements of Trunk and Back of the Horse from a Rider's View Type Journal Article
Year 2004 Publication Tierärztliche Umschau Abbreviated Journal Tierärztl. Umschau
Volume 6 Issue Pages 327
Keywords walk – trot – canter – pain – damages
Abstract The trunk and back movements of the horse during locomotion determine seat position and leg aids of the rider, this is the basis for horse-oriented and cultivated, sensitive riding. In their tendency these movements could now be derived from the foot sequences of the basic paces. The realizations are verified by video. By translating these movements into diagrams, the author is making an attempt to present the current state of knowledge for non-riding scholars and academically oriented riders alike. The acceptance of the prepared riding knowledge would be improved if one could produce measured values of the horse's back and trunk movements. An appeal of a rider for relevant, scholarly research.
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Language German Summary Language Original Title
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Notes (down) Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 437
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Author RHO, J.R.; SRYGLEY, R.B.; CHOE, J.C.
Title Behavioral ecology of the Jeju pony (Equus caballus): Effects of maternal age, maternal dominance hierarchy and foal age on mare aggression Type Journal Article
Year 2004 Publication Ecological Research Abbreviated Journal Ecol. Res.
Volume 19 Issue 1 Pages 55-63
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Abstract On Jeju Island, Korea, dominance hierarchy and maternal care according to maternal age were studied in a herd of Jeju ponies (Equus caballus), consisting of 73 mares, their foals and one stallion. Dominance ranks were nearly linear and increased significantly with the age of mares. Most aggressive encounters involved mares under 5 years old. Mares under the age of 5 years have apparently not established their rank. The mean frequency of aggressive actions of mares per hour increased significantly as the day of parturition approached. Aggressive actions of mares with foals decreased significantly as their foals aged. The overall frequency of aggression of mares with foals also decreased significantly with the age of the mares. Our results suggest that the cost of maternal care is lower for older, more dominant mares than for subordinate ones.
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Notes (down) Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 459
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