| Records |
| Author |
Morand-Ferron, J.; Quinn, J.L. |
| Title |
Larger groups of passerines are more efficient problem solvers in the wild |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2011 |
Publication |
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA |
| Volume |
108 |
Issue |
38 |
Pages |
15898-15903 |
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| Abstract |
Group living commonly helps organisms face challenging environmental conditions. Although a known phenomenon in humans, recent findings suggest that a benefit of group living in animals generally might be increased innovative problem-solving efficiency. This benefit has never been demonstrated in a natural context, however, and the mechanisms underlying improved efficiency are largely unknown. We examined the problem-solving performance of great and blue tits at automated devices and found that efficiency increased with flock size. This relationship held when restricting the analysis to naive individuals, demonstrating that larger groups increased innovation efficiency. In addition to this effect of naive flock size, the presence of at least one experienced bird increased the frequency of solving, and larger flocks were more likely to contain experienced birds. These findings provide empirical evidence for the “pool of competence” hypothesis in nonhuman animals. The probability of success also differed consistently between individuals, a necessary condition for the pool of competence hypothesis. Solvers had a higher probability of success when foraging with a larger number of companions and when using devices located near rather than further from protective tree cover, suggesting a role for reduced predation risk on problem-solving efficiency. In contrast to traditional group living theory, individuals joining larger flocks benefited from a higher seed intake, suggesting that group living facilitated exploitation of a novel food source through improved problem-solving efficiency. Together our results suggest that both ecological and social factors, through reduced predation risk and increased pool of competence, mediate innovation in natural populations. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6539 |
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| Author |
Burden, F.; Thiemann, A. |
| Title |
Donkeys Are Different |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2015 |
Publication |
Journal of Equine Veterinary Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proceedings of the 2015 Equine Science Society Symposium |
| Volume |
35 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
376-382 |
| Keywords |
Donkey; Ass; Equid; Mule |
| Abstract |
As a unique species of equine, the donkey has certain specific variations from the horse. This review highlights the origins of the donkey and how this impacts on its behavior, physiology, and propensity to disease. The donkey is less of a flight animal and has been used by humans for pack and draught work, in areas where their ability to survive poorer diets, and transboundary disease while masking overt signs of pain and distress has made them indispensable to human livelihoods. When living as a companion animal, however, the donkey easily accumulates adipose tissue, and this may create a metabolically compromised individual prone to diseases of excess such as laminitis and hyperlipemia. They show anatomic variations from the horse especially in the hoof, upper airway, and their conformation. Variations in physiology lead to differences in the metabolism and distribution of many drugs. With over 44 million donkeys worldwide, it is important that veterinarians have the ability to understand and treat this equid effectively. |
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0737-0806 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6541 |
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| Author |
Kräußlich, H.; Brem, G. |
| Title |
Tierzucht und allgemeine Landwirtschaftslehre für Tiermediziner |
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| Year |
1997 |
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Enke |
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Stuttgart |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6542 |
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| Author |
Nissen, J. |
| Title |
Enzyklopädie der Pferderassen |
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Book Whole |
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1998 |
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Kosmos |
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Stuttgart |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6543 |
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| Author |
Krösbacher, A. E. |
| Title |
Das Arabische Vollblut: Eine kontrovers diskutierte Rasse: Was steckt wirklich hinter der Zucht dieser edlen Pferde? |
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Manuscript |
| Year |
2008 |
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Bachelor's thesis |
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University for Veterinarian Medicine Vienna |
Place of Publication |
Vienna |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6544 |
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| Author |
Bödeker, E. |
| Title |
Maultierzucht und Maultierhaltung |
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Book Whole |
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1908 |
Publication |
Handbuch der gesamten Landwirtschaft. |
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3 |
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46 |
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Max Jänecke |
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Hannover |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6545 |
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| Author |
Greenberg, R. |
| Title |
The role of neophobia and neophilia in the development of innovative behavour in birds |
Type |
Book Chapter |
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2003 |
Publication |
Animal Innovation |
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Oxford University Press |
Place of Publication |
Oxford |
Editor |
S. M. Reader and K. N. Laland |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6547 |
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| Author |
Reader, S. M.; MacDonald, K. |
| Title |
Environmental variability and primate behavioural flexibiity |
Type |
Book Chapter |
| Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Animal Innovation |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Pages |
83-116 |
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Oxford University Press |
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Oxford |
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Reader, S. M.; Laland, K. L. |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6548 |
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Miyata, H.; Gajdon, G.K.; Huber, L.; Fujita, K. |
| Title |
How do keas (Nestor notabilis) solve artificial-fruit problems with multiple locks? |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2011 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
| Volume |
14 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
45-58 |
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Keas, a species of parrots from New Zealand, are an interesting species for comparative studies of problem solving and cognition because they are known not only for efficient capacities for object manipulation but also for explorative and playful behaviors. To what extent are they efficient or explorative, and what cognitive abilities do they use? We examined how keas would solve several versions of artificial-fruit box problems having multiple locks. After training keas to remove a metal rod from over a Plexiglas lid that had to be opened, we exposed the birds to a variety of tasks having two or more locks. We also introduced a preview phase during which the keas had extended opportunity to look at the tasks before the experimenter allowed the birds to solve them, to examine whether the preview phase would facilitate the birds' performance on the tasks. In a large number of tests, the keas showed a strong trend to solve the tasks with no positive effect of previewing the tasks. When the tasks became complex, however, the keas corrected inappropriate responses more quickly when they had had chance to preview the problems than when they had not. The results suggest that the keas primarily used explorative strategies in solving the lock problems but might have obtained some information about the tasks before starting to solve them. This may reflect a good compromise of keas' trial-and-error tendency and their good cognitive ability that result from a selection pressure they have faced in their natural habitat. |
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1435-9456 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Miyata2011 |
Serial |
6549 |
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| Author |
Hagen, K.; Broom, D.M. |
| Title |
Emotional reactions to learning in cattle |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume |
85 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
203-213 |
| Keywords |
Cattle; Expressive behaviour; Operant learning; Reinforcer |
| Abstract |
It has been suggested that during instrumental learning, animals are likely to react emotionally to the reinforcer. They may in addition react emotionally to their own achievements. These reactions are of interest with regard to the animals' capacity for self-awareness. Therefore, we devised a yoked control experiment involving the acquisition of an operant task. We aimed to identify the emotional reactions of young cattle to their own learning and to separate these from reactions to a food reward. Twelve Holstein-Friesian heifers aged 7-12 months were divided into two groups. Heifers in the experimental group were conditioned over a 14-day period to press a panel in order to open a gate for access to a food reward. For heifers in the control group, the gate opened after a delay equal to their matched partner's latency to open it. To allow for observation of the heifers' movements during locomotion after the gate had opened, there was a 15m distance in the form of a race from the gate to the food trough. The heart rate of the heifers, and their behaviour when moving along the race towards the food reward were measured. When experimental heifers made clear improvements in learning, they were more likely than on other occasions to have higher heart rates and tended to move more vigorously along the race in comparison with their controls. This experiment found some, albeit inconclusive, indication that cattle may react emotionally to their own learning improvement. |
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0168-1591 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
6551 |
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