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Author |
Owren, M.J.; Dieter, J.A.; Seyfarth, R.M.; Cheney, D.L. |
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Title |
Vocalizations of rhesus (Macaca mulatta) and Japanese (M. fuscata) macaques cross-fostered between species show evidence of only limited modification |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1993 |
Publication |
Developmental psychobiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Dev Psychobiol |
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Volume |
26 |
Issue |
7 |
Pages |
389-406 |
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Animals; Animals, Newborn; Behavior, Animal; Discrimination Learning; Environment; Female; *Macaca; *Macaca mulatta; Male; Sound Spectrography; *Vocalization, Animal |
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Abstract |
Two rhesus and two Japanese macaque infants were cross-fostered between species in order to study the effects of auditory experience on vocal development. Both the cross-fostered and normally raised control subjects were observed over the first 2 years of life and their vocalizations were tape-recorded. We classified 8053 calls by ear, placed each call in one of six acoustic categories, and calculated the rates at which different call-types were used in different social contexts. Species differences were found in the use of “coo” and “gruff” vocalizations among control subjects. Japanese macaques invariably produced coos almost exclusively. In contrast, rhesus macaques produced a mixture of coos and gruffs and showed considerable interindividual variation in the relative use of one call type or the other. Cross-fostered Japanese macaques adhered to their species-typical behavior, rarely using gruffs. Cross-fostered rhesus subjects also exhibited species-typical behavior in many contexts, but in some situations produced coos and gruffs at rates that were intermediate between those shown by normally raised animals of the two species. This outcome suggests that environmentally mediated modification of vocal behavior may have occurred, but that the resulting changes were quite limited. |
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California Regional Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis |
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0012-1630 |
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PMID:8270122 |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
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700 |
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Author |
Zentall, T.R.; Sherburne, L.M. |
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Title |
Transfer of value from S+ to S- in a simultaneous discrimination |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
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Volume |
20 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
176-183 |
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Animals; *Appetitive Behavior; Attention; Color Perception; Columbidae; *Discrimination Learning; Female; Male; Motivation; Orientation; Pattern Recognition, Visual; *Problem Solving; *Reinforcement Schedule; *Transfer (Psychology) |
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Value transfer theory has been proposed to account for transitive inference effects (L. V. Fersen, C. D. L. Wynne, J. D. Delius, & J. E. R. Staddon, 1991), in which following training on 4 simultaneous discriminations (A+B-, B+C-, C+D-, D+E-) pigeons show a preference for B over D. According to this theory, some of the value of reinforcement acquired by each S+ transfers to the S-. In the transitive inference experiment, C (associated with both reward and nonreward) can transfer less value to D than A (associated only with reward) can transfer to B. Support for value transfer theory was demonstrated in 2 experiments in which an S- presented in the context of a stimulus to which responses were always reinforced (S+) was preferred over an S- presented in the context of a stimulus to which responses were sometimes reinforced (S +/-). |
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Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506 |
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0097-7403 |
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PMID:8189186 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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258 |
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Zentall, T.R.; Sherburne, L.M. |
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Title |
Role of differential sample responding in the differential outcomes effect involving delayed matching by pigeons |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
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Volume |
20 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
390-401 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal; Choice Behavior; *Columbidae; *Discrimination Learning; Feeding Behavior; Task Performance and Analysis |
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Abstract |
The role of differential sample responding in the differential outcomes effect was examined. In Experiment 1, we trained pigeons on a one-to-many matching task with differential sample responding required. Differential outcomes were associated with samples and comparisons, with comparisons only, or with neither samples nor comparisons. Slopes of delay functions for trials with pecked versus nonpecked samples suggested use of a single-code-default strategy in the nondifferential-outcomes group but not in the differential-outcomes groups. In Experiment 2, differential sample responding and differential outcomes were manipulated independently. Again, there were significant differences in the relative slopes of the delay functions. Results suggest that differential outcomes exert their effect independently of differential sample responding. |
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Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506 |
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0097-7403 |
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PMID:7964521 |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
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257 |
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Author |
Zentall, T.R.; Roper, K.L.; Sherburne, L.M. |
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Title |
Most directed forgetting in pigeons can be attributed to the absence of reinforcement on forget trials during training or to other procedural artifacts |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1995 |
Publication |
Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Anal Behav |
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Volume |
63 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
127-137 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Attention; Color Perception; Columbidae; Cues; *Discrimination Learning; *Mental Recall; Motivation; Pattern Recognition, Visual; *Reinforcement Schedule; Retention (Psychology) |
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Abstract |
In research on directed forgetting in pigeons using delayed matching procedures, remember cues, presented in the delay interval between sample and comparisons, have been followed by comparisons (i.e., a memory test), whereas forget cues have been followed by one of a number of different sample-independent events. The source of directed forgetting in delayed matching to sample in pigeons was examined in a 2 x 2 design by independently manipulating whether or not forget-cue trials in training ended with reinforcement and whether or not forget-cue trials in training included a simultaneous discrimination (involving stimuli other than those used in the matching task). Results were consistent with the hypothesis that reinforced responding following forget cues is sufficient to eliminate performance deficits on forget-cue probe trials. Only when reinforcement was omitted on forget-cue trials in training (whether a discrimination was required or not) was there a decrement in accuracy on forget-cue probe trials. When reinforcement is present, however, the pattern of responding established during and following a forget cue in training may also play a role in the directed forgetting effect. These findings support the view that much of the evidence for directed forgetting using matching procedures may result from motivational and behavioral artifacts rather than the loss of memory. |
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Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506 |
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0022-5002 |
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Notes |
PMID:7714447 |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
256 |
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Author |
Zentall, T.R.; Hogan, D.E.; Edwards, C.A.; Hearst, E. |
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Title |
Oddity learning in the pigeon as a function of the number of incorrect alternatives |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1980 |
Publication |
Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
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Volume |
6 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
278-299 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Choice Behavior; *Color Perception; Columbidae; *Discrimination Learning |
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Abstract |
Pigeons' rate of learning a two-color oddity task increased as a function of the number of incorrect alternatives from 2 to 24 in Experiments 1, 2, and 3. In general, pigeons that were transferred from many-incorrect-alternative to two-incorrect-alternative oddity performed better than controls, but considerably below baseline (Experiments 2 and 3). In Experiment 4, pigeons showed no unconditioned tendency to peck the odd stimulus among 24 incorect alternatives, when pecks were nondifferentially reinforced, and in Experiment 5, when this procedure was preceded by oddity training, a progressive drop in odd-stimulus pecking was found. In Experiment 6, pigeons exposed to a nine-stimulus array in which the odd stimulus appeared (a) in the center or (b) separate from the array learned faster than when the odd stimulus was at the edge. This outcome suggests ththe figure-ground relation between the odd stimulus and the incorrect alternatives plays a role in the facilitation produced by increasing the number of incorrect alternatives but that poor performance on the standard, three-alternative oddity task appears to be due to center-odd trials which provide a difficult size or number discrimination. |
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0097-7403 |
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PMID:7391753 |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
268 |
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Author |
Mader, D.R.; Price, E.O. |
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Title |
Discrimination learning in horses: effects of breed, age and social dominance |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1980 |
Publication |
Journal of animal science |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Anim Sci. |
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50 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
962-965 |
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Keywords |
Aging; Animals; *Discrimination Learning; Female; Horses/*physiology; *Social Dominance |
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The discrimination learning ability of Quarter Horses and Thoroughbreds was compared by means of visual cues in a three-choice test with food as a reward. Quarter Horses learned significantly faster than Thoroughbreds, and learning progressed more rapidly for both breeds in a second discrimination task. Significant negative correlations were observed between age and rate of learning. Quarter Horses tended to be less reactive than Thoroughbreds, but individual emotional reactivity ratings and learning scores were not correlated. No correlation was found between social dominance and learning scores. Learning studies with horses may provide a better understanding of the behavioral traits that influence trainability in this species. |
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0021-8812 |
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PMID:7390949 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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679 |
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Shettleworth, S.J.; Krebs, J.R. |
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How marsh tits find their hoards: the roles of site preference and spatial memory |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1982 |
Publication |
Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
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Volume |
8 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
354-375 |
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Animals; *Appetitive Behavior; Birds; Cues; Discrimination Learning; *Memory; *Mental Recall; *Orientation; *Space Perception |
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Marsh tits (Parus palustris) store single food items in scattered locations and recover them hours or days later. Some properties of the spatial memory involved were analyzed in two laboratory experiments. In the first, marsh tits were offered 97 sites for storing 12 seeds. They recovered a median of 65% of them 2-3 hr later, making only two errors per seed while doing so. Over trials, they used some sites more often than others, but during recovery they were more likely to visit a site of any preference value if they had stored a seed there that day than if they had not. Recovery performance was much worse if the experimenters moved the seeds between storage and recovery. A fixed search strategy that had some of the same average properties as the tits' search behavior also did worse than the real birds. In Experiment 2, any tendency to visit the same sites on successive daily tests in the aviary was placed in opposition to memory for storage sites by allowing the tits to store more seeds 2 hr after storing a first batch. They tended to avoid individual storage sites holding seeds from the first batch. When the tits searched for all the seeds 2 hr later, they tended to recover more seeds from the second batch than from the first, i.e., there was a recency effect. |
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0097-7403 |
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PMID:7175447 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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385 |
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Author |
Hogan, D.E.; Zentall, T.R.; Pace, G. |
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Title |
Control of pigeons' matching-to-sample performance by differential sample response requirements |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1983 |
Publication |
The American journal of psychology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am J Psychol |
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Volume |
96 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
37-49 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Association; *Color Perception; Columbidae; Cues; *Discrimination Learning; Reinforcement Schedule; Time Factors |
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Abstract |
Pigeons were trained on a matching-to-sample task in which sample hue and required sample-specific observing behavior provided redundant, relevant cues for correct choices. On trials that involved red and yellow hues as comparison stimuli, a fixed-ratio 16 schedule (FR 16) was required to illuminate the comparisons when the sample was red, and a differential-reinforcement-of-low-rates 3-sec schedule (DRL 3-sec) was required when the sample was yellow. On trials involving blue and green hues as comparison stimuli, an FR 16 schedule was required when the sample was blue and a DRL 3-sec schedule was required when the sample was green. For some pigeons, a 0-sec delay intervened between sample offset and comparison onset, whereas other pigeons experienced a random mixture of 0-sec and 2-sec delay trials. Test trial performance at 0-sec delay indicated that sample-specific behavior controlled choice performance considerably more than sample hue did. Test performance was independent of whether original training involved all 0-sec delay trials or a mixture of 0-sec and 2-sec delays. Sample-specific observing response requirements appear to facilitate pigeons' matching-to-sample performance by strengthening associations between the observing response and correct choice. |
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0002-9556 |
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PMID:6859346 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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265 |
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Author |
Dunbar, K.; MacLeod, C.M. |
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Title |
A horse race of a different color: Stroop interference patterns with transformed words |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1984 |
Publication |
Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform |
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10 |
Issue |
5 |
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622-639 |
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*Attention; *Color Perception; Discrimination Learning; Humans; Orientation; Reaction Time; Reading; *Semantics |
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Four experiments investigated Stroop interference using geometrically transformed words. Over experiments, reading was made increasingly difficult by manipulating orientation uncertainty and the number of noncolor words. As a consequence, time to read color words aloud increased dramatically. Yet, even when reading a color word was considerably slower than naming the color of ink in which the word was printed, Stroop interference persisted virtually unaltered. This result is incompatible with the simple horse race model widely used to explain color-word interference. When reading became extremely slow, a reversed Stroop effect--interference in reading the word due to an incongruent ink color--appeared for one transformation together with the standard Stroop interference. Whether or not the concept of automaticity is invoked, relative speed of processing the word versus the color does not provide an adequate overall explanation of the Stroop phenomenon. |
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0096-1523 |
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PMID:6238123 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4065 |
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Nevin, J.A.; Shettleworth, S.J. |
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An analysis of contrast effects in multiple schedules |
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1966 |
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Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Anal Behav |
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9 |
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4 |
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305-315 |
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Animals; Birds; *Conditioning (Psychology); Conditioning, Operant; Discrimination Learning; *Extinction, Psychological; Male; Reaction Time; *Reinforcement (Psychology) |
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0022-5002 |
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PMID:5961499 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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392 |
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